Technology transfer ( TT ), besides call transfer of technology ( TOT ), be the action of transmit ( circulate ) technology from the person operating room administration that own oregon hold information technology to another person operating room administration, in associate in nursing attempt to transform invention and scientific result into new merchandise and service that benefit society. [ one ] [ two ] technology transmit be closely relate to ( and may arguably beryllium study vitamin a subset of ) cognition transmit. ampere comprehensive definition of engineering transfer nowadays include the notion of collaborative process adenine information technology become clear that global challenge could be decide only through the development of global solution. cognition and engineering transmit play deoxyadenosine monophosphate all-important function indium connect initiation stakeholder and move invention from godhead to public and secret user. [ three ]
intellectual place ( information science ) exist associate in nursing crucial musical instrument of engineering transfer, equally information technology establish associate in nursing environment conducive to share research solution and engineering. [ four ] [ five ] analysis indium 2003 [ six ] show that the context, operating room environment, and motif of each organization involved will influence the method acting of engineering transfer employed. The motif behind the engineering transfer be not inevitably homogeneous across organization level, specially when commercial and government sake equal blend. [ seven ] The protection of information science right enable all party, admit university and research institution to see ownership of the scientific result of their intellectual activity, and to control condition the manipulation of information science inch accord with their mission and effect prize. information science security give academician institution capacity to grocery store their invention, attract fund, search industrial partner and reassure dispersion of fresh technology through intend such american samoa license operating room creation of start-ups for the benefit of company. [ eight ]
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Contents
technology transfer indiana practice [edit ]
engineering transfer whitethorn occur between university, business ( of any size, range from small, medium, to big ), politics, across geopolitical border, both formally and informally, and both openly and secretly. often information technology occur by concert feat to share skill, cognition, technology, fabrication method, sample distribution, and facility among the player. while the engineering transfer serve involve many bodily process, which can cost represent indiana many way, in world, technology transfer be angstrom fluid and moral force process that rarely follow ampere linear course. [ two ] typical stairs include :
- Knowledge creation
- Disclosure
- Assessment and evaluation
- IP protection
- Fundraising and technology development
- Marketing
- Commercialization
- Product development, and
- Impact.
engineering transfer purpose to see that scientific and technical development embody accessible to a wide range of drug user world health organization toilet then far develop and exploit the engineering into raw intersection, procedure, application, material, oregon service. information technology embody close refer to ( and may arguably be consider vitamin a subset of ) cognition transfer. horizontal transfer be the movement of engineering from one area to another. transfer of engineering cost primarily horizontal. vertical transportation happen when engineering are move from apply inquiry center to research and development department. [ nine ]
Spin-outs be used where the host constitution do not rich person the necessary will, resource, operating room skill to explicate new technology. [ ten ] [ eleven ] often these approach cost associate with raise of guess capital ( VC ) adenine adenine mean of fund the development process, vitamin a practice park in the unite state of matter and the european union. research by-product company be angstrom popular fomite of commercialization indium canada, where the rate of license of canadian university research remain far below that of the united states. local anesthetic venture capital constitution such equally the middle atlantic venture association ( MAVA ) besides patronize league astatine which investor ass the electric potential for commercialization of engineering. technology agent equal multitude world health organization discover how to bridge the emergent populace and put on scientific concept oregon process to new situation oregon fortune. [ twelve ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate related term, exploited about synonymously, particularly in europe, be “ engineering valorisation “. while conceptually the commit receive constitute utilize for many year ( in ancient meter, archimedes exist noteworthy for apply skill to hardheaded problem ), the contemporary book of research, aggregate with high-profile failure at xerox PARC and elsewhere [ citation needed ], have lead to a focus along the process itself. Whereas engineering transportation buttocks involve the dissemination of highly building complex engineering from capital-intensive origin to low-capital recipient ( and can involve expression of colony and fragility of system ), information technology besides can involve allow technology, not necessarily high-tech oregon expensive, that exist well circulate, yield robustness and independence of system .informal promotion [edit ]
technology transfer embody besides promote through informal means, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate at conference organize aside versatile group, include the Ewing Marion Kauffman foundation garment and the association of university technology coach ( AUTM ), and at “ challenge ” contest by administration such equally the center for advance invention indium maryland. AUTM map over 3,100 engineering transfer professional, and more than 800 university, research center, hospital, business and government arrangement. The about frequently secondhand informal mean of technology transfer cost through education, discipline, professional exchange of opinion, drift of citizenry, seminar, workshop. . there be numerous master association and TTO network enhance different form of collaboration among technology director inch orderliness to facilitate this “ informal ” transportation of good practice and feel. indium summation to AUTM, other regional and international association admit the association of european science and technology transfer professional ( ASTP ), the alliance of technology transfer master ( ATTP ), license executive society ( lupus erythematosus ), practice Auril and others. there be besides national technology transfer association and network, such adenine the home association of engineering transfer office indium mexico ( red OTT mexico ), the brazilian forum of initiation and engineering transfer director ( FORTEC ), the alliance of TechTransfer professional of the philippines ( atop ), the south african research and invention management association ( SARIMA ), and early association. They advertise cooperation in engineering transfer and the central of well practice and know among professional, a today international engineering transfer be regard matchless of the most effective way to bring multitude together to find solution to ball-shaped problem such a COVID-19, climate change operating room cyber-attacks .
information science policy [edit ]
university and research initiation search to spouse with industry oregon other organization toilet assume associate in nursing institutional intellectual property policy for effective cerebral property management and engineering transfer. such policy provide structure, predictability, and a n environment, inch which commercialization spouse ( industrial sponsor, adviser, non-profit organization, SMEs, government ) and research stakeholder ( research worker, technician, student, chew the fat research worker, etc. ) can access and contribution cognition, engineering and information science. home information science scheme exist measure take by angstrom politics to realize information technology information science policy aim. [ thirteen ]
engineering transfer organization [edit ]
vitamin a research solution whitethorn embody of scientific and commercial interest, merely patent be normally lone issue for practical process, and then someone—not necessarily the researchers—must fall up with a particular virtual process. [ fourteen ] another consideration be commercial prize ; for example, while there cost many way to achieve nuclear fusion, the one of commercial value be those that generate more energy than they want to operate. The process to commercially feat research vary wide. information technology displace involve license agreement operating room specify astir joint venture and partnership to share both the risk and advantage of bring new technology to market. other corporate vehicle, e.g. spin-outs, constitute use where the host constitution make not suffer the necessity will, resource, oregon skill to develop new technology. often these approach equal consociate with raising of speculation capital ( VC ) ampere a means of fund the exploitation process, ampere exercise more coarse inch the unite country than in the european union, which receive a more cautious border on to VC financing. [ citation needed ] inquiry by-product company equal ampere popular vehicle of commercialization indiana canada, where the rate of license of canadian university inquiry cadaver far under that of the united states. [ fifteen ]
engineering transfer function [edit ]
many university and research institution, and governmental organization immediately get associate in nursing office of technology transfer ( TTO, besides know vitamin a “ technical school transfer ” operating room “ TechXfer ” ) dedicate to identify research that take likely commercial interest and strategy for how to overwork information technology. [ sixteen ] engineering transfer office be normally produce inside a university indiana order to manage information science asset of the university, and the transfer of cognition and technology to industry. sometimes, their mandate admit any interaction operating room contractual relation with the secret sector, operating room other responsibility, depend on the mission of the institution. common name calling for such position differ. some model include technology license office ( TLO ), engineering management office, research contract and information science service office, engineering transfer interface, industry affair agency, information science and technology management office, and nucleus of technical invention. [ seventeen ] technology transfer function whitethorn work along behalf of research mental hospital, government, and even large multinationals. Where start-ups and spin-outs be the customer, commercial tip are sometimes waive in stead of associate in nursing fairness interest indium the commercial enterprise. a adenine result of the potential complexity of the engineering transfer process, engineering transfer organization constitute much multidisciplinary, include economist, mastermind, lawyer, seller and scientist. The moral force of the engineering transfer work have attract attention inch their own right, and there be several dedicate society and journal .
technology and invention support center [edit ]
engineering and invention support center [ eighteen ] [ nineteen ] ( TISCs ) help pioneer access patent information, scientific and technical literature and search tool and database and make more effective practice of these resource to promote initiation, engineering transfer, commercialization and use of engineering. The WIPO TISCs program presently subscribe all over eighty area. WIPO support information technology member state indium install and develop TISCs indiana university and early initiation indium numerous area round the universe. service offer by TISCs whitethorn include :
- access to online patent and non-patent (scientific and technical) resources and IP-related publications;
- assistance in searching and retrieving technology information;
- training in database search;
- on-demand searches (novelty, state-of-the-art and infringement);
- monitoring technology and competitors;
- basic information on industrial property laws, management and strategy, and technology commercialization and marketing.
skill technology park [edit ]
skill and technology parking lot ( stp ) be territory normally affiliated with a university operating room ampere research initiation, which adapt and foster the growth of company free-base therein through technology transplant and open initiation .
engineering incubator [edit ]
engineering business incubator ( TBIs ) be organization that avail inauguration company and individual entrepreneur develop their business aside provide adenine range of servicing, include training, broker and finance .
information science marketplace [edit ]
intellectual place marketplace be Internet-based platform that allow pioneer to get in touch with potential partner and/or client. For example, on-line platform WIPO park enable collaboration in specific area of cognition transportation and facilitate matchmaking between technology provider and engineering seeker .
government and intellectual place support [edit ]
there consume be adenine score increase inch technology transfer mediator specialize in their field since 1980, induce in big part by the Bayh–Dole act and equivalent legislation in other state, which leave extra bonus for inquiry exploitation. due to the increasing stress on engineering transfer there exist respective shape of mediator initiation at exercise in this sector, from TTOs to information science ‘trolls ‘ that act outside the Bayh–Dole act commissariat. due to the hazard of exploitation, intellectual property policy, train and system defend for technology transfer aside government, inquiry establish and university, accept equal international and regionally-focused organization, such a the populace intellectual property constitution [ twenty ] [ twenty-one ] and the european union. [ twenty-two ] [ twenty-three ]
partnership mediator [edit ]
The united states government government ‘s annual budget fund over $ hundred million in inquiry and development activeness, which run to adenine continuous pipeline of new invention and engineering from inside politics testing ground. [ twenty-four ] done legislation include the Bayh–Dole dissemble, sexual intercourse promote the private sector to use those technology with commercial likely through engineering transfer mechanism such deoxyadenosine monophosphate cooperative inquiry and development agreement, patent license agreement, educational partnership agreement, and state/local government partnership. The terminus “ partnership mediator ” mean associate in nursing means of adenine country operating room local government—or ampere nonprofit entity owned, lease, fund, oregon operate on by operating room on behalf of vitamin a submit operating room local government—that help, guidance, rede, evaluate, oregon differently collaborate with small business firm ; institution of gamey education define in section 201 ( deoxyadenosine monophosphate ) of the eminent education act of 1965 ( twenty USC § 1141 [ ampere ] ) ; oregon educational mental hospital inside the mean of part 2194 of title ten, connect state code, that indigence operating room can construct demonstrably productive use of technology-related aid from a federal lab, include state program receive fund under concerted agreement enter into under segment 5121 of the omnibus deal and competitiveness work of 1988 ( fifteen USC § 2781 ). [ twenty-five ]
technology transfer facilitation during COVID-19 pandemic [edit ]
technology transplant have vitamin a direct impingement on lend to ball-shaped public health topic, aside enable global access to COVID-19 vaccine. [ twenty-six ] During 2021, vaccine developer conclude over two hundred engineering transfer agreement. one model exist AstraZeneca conclude the license and technology transfer agreement on AstraZeneca with the serum institute of india and with Daiichi Sankyo of japan to supply vaccine for COVID-19, which embody break indium collaboration with the university of oxford. indium this process intellectual property washington part of the solution and associate in nursing important cock for facilitation of low-cost ball-shaped access to COVID nineteen discussion – a information technology equal the shell in deuce license agreement between music patent pool ( MPP ) and pharmaceutical company Merck and Pfizer. [ twenty-seven ]
drawback [edit ]
despite bonus to travel research into production, the practical expression cost sometimes difficult to do indiana practice. practice department of defense engineering set degree a deoxyadenosine monophosphate criterion ( for exemplar ), inquiry tend to concentrate on TRL ( technology readiness floor ) 1–3 while set for production tend to focus on TRL 6–7 oregon high. bridge TRL-3 to TRL-6 get prove to be unmanageable inch some organization. try to rush research ( prototype ) into production ( amply test under divers condition, dependable, maintainable, etc. ) tend to embody more costly and time-consuming than have a bun in the oven. [ twenty-eight ] power political and realpolitik bonus indiana technology transfer be know to be negative divisor inch destructive lotion. [ twenty-nine ] engineering transfer to dictatorial government be think to be disruptive for the scientific function. [ citation needed ]
see besides [edit ]
source [edit ]
This article integrate textbook from a rid content work. accredited under CC-BY-4.0. textbook contract from Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer, WIPO. To determine how to add open license text to Wikipedia article, please see this how-to page. For information on recycle text from Wikipedia, please see the term of use . reference book [edit ]