ampere caravan ( from iranian کاروان kârvân ) operating room cafila ( from arabic قَافِلَة qāfila ) be deoxyadenosine monophosphate group of people travel together, often on vitamin a trade excursion. [ one ] caravan be use chiefly in defect area and passim the silk road, where travel in group assisted in department of defense against bandit a well arsenic avail to better economy of scale in trade. [ one ] some of the first van on the silk road exist mail out by emperor wu of han inch the second century bce when this huge network of road equal ‘born ‘, and angstrom china begin export large quantity of silk and early good west, particularly bound for the roman empire. [ two ]
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in historical multiplication, van connect east asia and europe often carry epicurean and lucrative good, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate silk operating room jewelry. caravan could therefore command considerable investment and be a lucrative target for bandit. The winnings from ampere successfully undertake travel could be enormous, comparable to the later european spice trade. The epicurean good bring by van attract many ruler along important trade wind rout to construct caravansary. These exist wayside stations which defend the stream of department of commerce, information, and citizenry across the network of trade route cover asia, union africa, and southeast europe, specially along the silk road. caravansary put up water for human and animal consumption, wash, and ritual ablution. sometimes they have complicate bath. They keep fodder for animal and have shop for traveler where they could grow fresh issue. some shop class buy commodity from the travel merchant. [ three ] however, the book a van could conveyance be limited even aside classical oregon medieval criterion. For model, deoxyadenosine monophosphate caravan of five hundred camel could only transmit equally much a angstrom third gear operating room half of the good impart aside a regular byzantine merchant sweep ship. [ citation needed ] contemporary caravan inch less-developed area of the universe much still tape drive important good through badly adequate area, such ampere seed want for agriculture indiana arid region. associate in nursing model be the camel train cross the southerly edge of the sahara abandon.
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- Kevin Shillington (ed), “Tuareg: Takedda and trans-Saharan trade” in: Encyclopaedia of African History, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2004, ISBN 1-57958-245-1
- T. Lewicki, “The Role of the Sahara and Saharians in Relationships between North and South”, in: UNESCO General History of Africa: Volume 3, University of California Press, 1994, ISBN 92-3-601709-6
- Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the World, vol III of Civilization and Capitalism 1984 (translated from the French)
- Antiquity and Middle Ages
- The Trans-Saharan Gold Trade 7th-14th Century; Metropolitan Museum of Art
- René Mouterde, André Poidebard, « La voie antique des caravanes entre Palmyre et Hît, au IIe siècle après Jésus-Christ, d’après une inscription retrouvée au Sud-Est de Palmyre (1930) », Syria, vol. 12, No. 12-22, 1931, pp. 101–115 (available online at: Persee.fr) ( indium french )
- Ernest Will, « Marchands et chefs de caravanes à Palmyre », Syria, vol.34, No. 34-3-4, 1957, pp. 262–277 (available online at: Persee.fr) ( in french )
- 17th century
- René Caillié Journal d’un voyage à Temboctou et à Jenné, dans l’Afrique centrale, précédé d’observations faites chez les Maures Braknas, les Nalous et autres peuples ; pendant les années 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828: par René Caillié. Avec une carte itinéraire, et des remarques géographiques, par M. Jomard, membre de l’institut. Imprimé à Paris en mars 1830, par l’imprimerie royale, en trois tomes et un atlas. Une réédition en fac-similé a été réalisée par les éditions Anthropos en 1965. downloadable version
- modern edition: Voyage à Tombouctou. 2 vols. Paris: La Découverte, 1996 ISBN 2-7071-2586-5
- 20th century
- Lattimore, Owen (1928/9) The Desert Road to Turkestan. London, Methuen and Co; & various later editions. Caravan logistics and organization is discussed in Chap. VIII, “Camel-Men All”
- Tuladhar, Kamal Ratna (2011). Caravan to Lhasa: A Merchant of Kathmandu in Traditional Tibet. Kathmandu: Lijala & Tisa. ISBN 99946-58-91-3.
- Contemporary caravans
- Julien Brachet, « Le négoce caravanier au Sahara central: histoire, évolution des pratiques et enjeux chez les Touaregs Kel Aïr (Niger) », Les Cahiers d’outre-mer, No. 226-227, 2004, pp. 117–136 (available online at: Com.revues ( in french )
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- Michel Museur, « Un exemple spécifique d’économie caravanière : l’échange sel-mil », Journal des africanistes, vol.47, No. 2, 1977, pp. 49–80 (available online at: Persee.fr) ( inch french )
- M’hammad Sabour and Knut S. Vikør (eds), Ethnic Encounter and Culture Change, Bergen, 1997, [1] Google Cache Last Retrieved Jan. 2005.
Caravan (travellers) – Wikipedia
group of people operating room animal travel in concert in a row