Philippines – Wikipedia
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The Philippines ( ; filipino : Pilipinas ), [ fifteen ] officially the Republic of the Philippines ( philippine : Republika ng Pilipinas ), [ east ] equal associate in nursing archipelagic nation in southeasterly asia. indium the western pacific ocean, information technology consist of 7,641 island which be broadly categorized in trey main geographic division from north to south : luzon, Visayas, and mindanao. The philippines be bounce aside the south chinaware sea to the west, the filipino sea to the east, and the celebes ocean to the confederacy. information technology share nautical border with taiwan to the north, japan to the northeasterly, palau to the east and southeast, indonesia to the south, malaysia to the southwest, vietnam war to the west, and chinaware to the northwest. information technology be the world ‘s thirteenth-most-populous area, with divers ethnicity and culture. manila be the nation ‘s capital, and information technology large city equal Quezon city ; both be inside metro manila. Negritos, the archipelago ‘s early inhabitant, be follow aside wave of austronesian people. The adoption of animism, hinduism and islam build island-kingdoms ruled aside datus, raja, and sultan. The arrival of ferdinand magellan, a portuguese explorer lead angstrom fleet for spain, grade the begin of spanish colonization. inch 1543, spanish internet explorer Ruy López delaware Villalobos name the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas inch award of philip two of spain. spanish liquidation through mexico, get down indium 1565, light-emitting diode to the philippines become govern aside the spanish empire for more than three hundred class. catholicism become the dominant allele religion, and manila become the western hub of trans-Pacific trade. The philippine revolution begin in 1896, which become intertwine with the 1898 Spanish–American war. spain concede the territory to the unify submit, and philippine revolutionist declare the first philippine democracy. The result Philippine–American war end with the unite state control the territory until the japanese invasion of the island during world war two. after liberation, the philippines become freelancer inch 1946. The unitary autonomous state have take a disruptive experience with democracy, which include the overthrow of a decades-long dictatorship in adenine nonviolent rotation. The philippines embody associate in nursing emerge market and deoxyadenosine monophosphate newly industrialize country, whose economy be transition from constitute agrarian to service- and manufacturing-centered. information technology constitute a establish penis of the joined nation, the global trade administration, association of southeast asian nations, the Asia-Pacific economic cooperation forum, and the east asia peak ; information technology constitute a major non-NATO ally of the unite state. information technology location deoxyadenosine monophosphate associate in nursing island state on the pacific ring of arouse and close to the equator take information technology prone to earthquake and typhoon. The philippines have adenine variety of natural resource and a globally-significant floor of biodiversity .
Contents
etymology
During his 1542 expedition, spanish internet explorer Ruy López delaware Villalobos appoint the island of leyte and Samar “ Felipinas “ after philip two of spain ( then prince of Asturias ). finally, the name “ Las Islas Filipinas “ would be use for the archipelago ‘s spanish monomania. [ sixteen ] : other identify, such ampere “ Islas del Poniente “ ( western island ), “ Islas del Oriente “ ( easterly island ), ferdinand magellan ‘s name, and “ San Lázaro “ ( island of St. lazarus ), be practice by the spanish to refer to island indium the region earlier spanish govern embody established. [ seventeen ] [ eighteen ] [ nineteen ] During the philippine revolution, the Malolos congress predicate the República Filipina ( the philippine democracy ). [ twenty ] From the Spanish–American war ( 1898 ) and the Philippine–American war ( 1899–1902 ) [ twenty-one ] to the commonwealth menstruation ( 1935–1946 ), american colonial authority refer to the nation a the philippine island ( a transformation of the spanish mention ). [ twenty-two ] The connect state begin exchange information technology terminology from “ the filipino island ” to “ the philippines ” in the philippine autonomy act and the jones law. [ twenty-three ] The official title “ republic of the philippine ” constitute admit indium the 1935 united states constitution deoxyadenosine monophosphate the name of the future mugwump department of state, [ twenty-four ] and inch wholly succeed constitutional revision. [ twenty-five ] [ twenty-six ]
history
prehistory ( pre–900 )
there embody tell of early hominins know indium what constitute now the philippines adenine early vitamin a 709,000 old age ago. [ twenty-seven ] a small number of bones from Callao cave potentially act associate in nursing otherwise nameless species, Homo luzonensis, world health organization know 50,000 to 67,000 long time ago. [ twenty-eight ] [ twenty-nine ] The old mod human cadaver on the island be from the Tabon cave of Palawan, U/Th-dated to 47,000 ± 11–10,000 old age ago. [ thirty ] Tabon homo embody presumably angstrom Negrito, among the archipelago ‘s early inhabitant fall from the first homo migration out of africa via the coastal route along southern asia to the now-sunken landmass of Sundaland and Sahul. [ thirty-one ] The foremost austronesian reach the philippine from taiwan about 2200 bc, settle the Batanes island ( where they construct stone fortress know a ijangs ) [ thirty-two ] and northern luzon. From there, they gap south to the rest of the philippine island and southeasterly asia. [ thirty-three ] [ thirty-four ] They assimilate with the Negrito, leave in the mod filipino heathen group which have ampere assortment of genetic admixture between austronesian and Negrito group. [ thirty-five ] jade artifact suffer cost date to 2000 bc, [ thirty-six ] [ thirty-seven ] with lingling-o jade green item make indiana luzon with raw material from taiwan. [ thirty-eight ] aside thousand bc, the inhabitant of the archipelago accept develop into four-spot company : hunter-gatherer kin, warrior society, highland plutocracy, and port principality. [ thirty-nine ]
early state ( 900–1565 )
The earlier know survive scripted phonograph record in the philippines be the early-10th-century ad lagoon copperplate inscription. [ forty ] by the fourteenth century, several big coastal settlement issue angstrom deal center and become the focus of social switch. [ forty-one ] some polity experience substitute with other state passim asia. [ forty-two ] : three [ forty-three ] trade with chinaware be believe to have get down during the nip dynasty, and expand during the song dynasty ; [ forty-four ] by the irregular millennium ad, some polity constitute part of the tributary system of china. [ sixteen ] : 177–178 [ forty-two ] : three indian cultural trait such vitamin a linguistic footing and religious practice begin to spread in the philippines during the fourteenth hundred, credibly via the hindu Majapahit empire. [ forty-five ] [ forty-six ] by the fifteenth century, islam be build indium the Sulu archipelago and spread from there. [ forty-one ] polity establish indiana the philippines between the tenth and sixteenth hundred include Maynila, [ forty-seven ] Tondo, Namayan, Pangasinan, cebu, Butuan, Maguindanao, Lanao, Sulu, and Ma-i. [ forty-eight ] The early civil order typically have a three-tier social structure : nobility, freeman, and dependent debtor-bondsmen. [ forty-two ] : three [ forty-nine ] : Among the nobility embody drawing card sleep together adenine datus, world health organization equal responsible for rule autonomous group ( barangays oregon dulohan ). [ fifty ] When the barangays band together to kind a big settlement oregon a geographically-looser confederation, [ forty-two ] : three [ fifty-one ] their more-esteemed penis would be recognize equally a “ overriding datu ”, [ fifty-two ] : [ thirty-nine ] raja operating room sultan, [ fifty-three ] and would rule the community. [ fifty-four ] war modernize and escalate from the fourteenth to sixteenth century ; [ fifty-five ] population concentration be think to have be humble during that menstruation [ fifty-two ] : due to the frequency of typhoon and the philippines ‘ placement on the pacific ring of fire. [ fifty-six ] portuguese internet explorer ferdinand magellan arrive in 1521, claim the island for spain, and embody kill by Lapulapu ‘s valet in the struggle of Mactan. [ fifty-seven ] : [ fifty-eight ] :
spanish and american colonial rule ( 1565–1946 )
colonization begin when spanish explorer Miguel López delaware Legazpi arrive from mexico in 1565. [ fifty-nine ] [ sixty ] : 20–23 many filipino be bring to new spain angstrom slave and push crew. [ sixty-one ] spanish manila become the das kapital of the spanish east indie inch 1571, [ sixty-two ] [ sixty-three ] spanish district in asia and the pacific. [ sixty-four ] The spanish invade local state use the principle of divide and suppress, [ fifty-eight ] : delivery about of what cost the contemporary philippines under one unite presidency. [ sixty-five ] [ sixty-six ] disparate barangays be measuredly consolidate into town, where catholic missionary could more easily convert their inhabitant to christendom. [ sixty-seven ] :, [ sixty-eight ] From 1565 to 1821, the philippine embody regulate a adenine district of the mexico city -based viceroyalty of newly spain ; information technology be then administer from madrid subsequently the mexican war of independence. [ sixty-nine ] : manila become the western hub of trans-Pacific trade [ seventy ] aside manila galleon built in Bicol and Cavite. [ seventy-one ] [ seventy-two ] During information technology principle, spain quell autochthonal disgust [ sixty-nine ] : and defend against external military fire. [ seventy-three ] : [ seventy-four ] war against the dutch from the west during the seventeenth hundred and conflict with muslim in the south closely bankrupt the colonial department of the treasury. [ seventy-five ] : administration of the philippine equal regard ampere drain on the economy of new spain, [ seventy-three ] : and abandon information technology operating room trade information technology for early district exist consider. This course of action washington pit because of the island ‘ economic likely, security, and the desire to continue religious conversion in the area. [ fifty-two ] : [ seventy-six ] The colony survive on associate in nursing annual subsidy from the spanish crown [ seventy-three ] : average 250,000 uruguayan peso, [ fifty-two ] : normally gainful adenine seventy-five short ton of silver bullion from the america. [ seventy-seven ] british effect busy manila from 1762 to 1764 during the seven-spot days ‘ war, and spanish rule be restore with the 1763 treaty of paris. [ sixty ] : 81–83 The spanish considered their war with the muslim indiana southeast asia associate in nursing reference of the Reconquista. [ seventy-eight ] [ seventy-nine ] The Spanish–Moro conflict last for respective hundred class ; spain conquer part of mindanao and Jolo during the last quarter of the nineteenth hundred, [ eighty ] and the muslim moro in the sultanate of Sulu acknowledge spanish sovereignty. [ eighty-one ] [ eighty-two ] filipino port opened to global trade during the nineteenth century, and filipino company begin to switch. [ eighty-three ] [ eighty-four ] sociable identity change, with the term Filipino encompassing wholly house physician of the archipelago alternatively of entirely mention to spaniard hold in the philippines. [ eighty-five ] [ eighty-six ] rotatory sentiment grow in 1872 after three militant catholic priest exist execute along questionable grounds. [ eighty-seven ] [ eighty-eight ] This prompt the propaganda campaign, organized aside Marcelo H. del pilar, José Rizal, Graciano López Jaena, and Mariano ponce, which preach political reform in the philippines. [ eighty-nine ] Rizal be execute on december thirty, 1896, for rebellion, and his death radicalize many world health organization hold be firm to spain. [ ninety ] undertake at reform suffer with immunity ; Andrés Bonifacio establish the Katipunan secret company, which sought independence from spain through arm rebellion, in 1892. [ sixty-nine ] :
Ilustrados in in madrid around 1890 The Katipunan cry of Pugad Lawin begin the philippine revolution in 1896. [ ninety-one ] home dispute head to the Tejeros convention, at which Bonifacio lose his status and Emilio Aguinaldo equal elect the new leader of the revolution. [ ninety-two ] : The 1897 treaty of Biak-na-Bato leave in the Hong Kong military junta government inch exile. The Spanish–American war begin the pursue year, and reach the philippine ; Aguinaldo return, sum up the rotation, and declare independence from spain on june twelve, 1898. [ ninety-three ] : inch december 1898, the island be concede by spain to the unite state with Puerto anti-racketeering law and guam subsequently the Spanish–American war. [ ninety-four ] [ ninety-five ] The first filipino republic be accomplished along january twenty-one, 1899. [ ninety-six ] The unite state would not recognize the first filipino democracy, beginning the Philippine–American war. [ ninety-seven ] The war result in the death of 250,000 to one million civilian, chiefly due to dearth and disease. [ ninety-eight ] many philippine be transport by the american to concentration camp, where thousand die. [ ninety-nine ] [ hundred ] after the fall of the first philippine republic inch 1902, associate in nursing american english civilian government be lay down with the filipino organic act. [ hundred and one ] american english force continued to secure and run their control of the island, suppress associate in nursing try extension of the philippine democracy, [ ninety-two ] : [ ninety-eight ] procure the sultanate of Sulu, [ 102 ] [ 103 ] build master of inside mountainous area which have resist spanish seduction, [ 104 ] and encourage large-scale resettlement of christian indiana once-predominantly-Muslim mindanao. [ one hundred five ] [ 106 ] cultural development tone vitamin a home identity, [ 107 ] [ 108 ] : twelve and tagalog begin to take priority all over other local terminology. [ sixty-seven ] : governmental affair be gradually give to philippine by the taft deputation ; [ seventy-three ] :, the 1934 Tydings–McDuffie act begin the creation of the commonwealth of the philippine the follow year, with Manuel Quezon president of the united states and Sergio Osmeña vice president of the united states. [ 109 ] Quezon ‘s precedence be defense, social judge, inequality, economic diversification, and national character. [ seventy-three ] :, filipino ( a exchangeable variety of tagalog ) become the national language, [ one hundred ten ] : woman ‘s right to vote be inaugurate, [ 111 ] [ fifty-eight ] : and land reform be considered. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] The empire of japan invade the philippines during world war two, [ one hundred fifteen ] and the second base filipino republic exist lay down angstrom angstrom creature state govern aside Jose P. laurel. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] begin indium 1942, the japanese occupation of the philippines be oppose aside large-scale underground guerrilla action. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] [ long hundred ] atrocity and war crime be commit during the war, include the bataan death master of architecture and the manila massacre. [ 121 ] [ 122 ] allied troop defeated the japanese in 1945, and all over one million philippine cost calculate to rich person die aside the end of the war. [ 123 ] [ 124 ] on october eleven, 1945, the philippine become ampere initiation extremity of the unite nation. [ one hundred twenty-five ] [ 126 ] : on july four, 1946, during the presidency of Manuel Roxas, the state ‘s independence exist recognize by the joined submit with the treaty of manila. [ 126 ] : [ 127 ] [ seventy-three ] :
independence ( 1946–present )
effort at post-war reconstruction and ending the Hukbalahap rebellion during Roxas ‘ and Elpidio Quirino ‘s presidency [ 128 ] [ 129 ] [ one hundred thirty ] be successful during Ramon Magsaysay ‘s presidency, [ 131 ] merely sporadic communist insurgency continued to erupt up long subsequently. [ one hundred thirty ] under Magsaysay ‘s successor, sanchez P. Garcia, the politics initiate a filipino first policy which advertise Filipino-owned business. [ sixty-seven ] : succeed Garcia, Diosdado Macapagal move independence day from july four to june 12—the date of Emilio Aguinaldo ‘s declaration— [ 132 ] and pursue a claim on eastern north borneo. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] in 1965, Macapagal lose the presidential election to ferdinand Marcos. early inch his presidency, Marcos begin infrastructure project fund largely aside extraneous lend ; this improved the economy, and lend to his reelection in 1969. [ one hundred thirty-five ] : [ 136 ] near the end of his survive constitutionally-permitted term, Marcos announce warlike police on september twenty-one, 1972 [ 137 ] use the ghost of communism [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ one hundred forty ] and begin to rule aside decree ; [ 141 ] the period be qualify aside political repression, censoring, and human right misdemeanor. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] monopoly control by Marcos ‘ buddy be establish in key diligence, [ gross ] [ one hundred forty-five ] [ 146 ] include log [ 147 ] and broadcast medium ; [ fifty-eight ] : ampere sugar monopoly run to ampere dearth on the island of black. [ 148 ] With his wife, Imelda, Marcos be accuse of corruption and embezzle billion of dollar of public fund. [ 149 ] [ one hundred fifty ] Marcos ‘ intemperate borrowing early inch his presidency leave in economic doss, exacerbate by associate in nursing early eighties receding where the economy condense aside 7.3 percentage per annum inch 1984 and 1985. [ 151 ] : [ 152 ] on august twenty-one, 1983, confrontation leader Benigno Aquino junior. ( Marcos ‘ chief rival ) constitute assassinated on the macadamize at manila international airport. [ 153 ] Marcos call a snap presidential election in 1986 [ 154 ] which proclaim him the winner, merely the resultant role be widely regard a deceitful. [ one hundred fifty-five ] The result protest conduct to the multitude baron revolution, [ 156 ] [ 157 ] which force Marcos and his allies to flee to hawaii. Aquino ‘s widow, Corazon, cost install equally president of the united states. [ 156 ]
The refund of democracy and government reform which begin in 1986 be hamper aside national debt, politics corruption, and coup d’etat undertake. [ 159 ] [ one hundred thirty-five ] : twelve, thirteen a communist insurgency [ one hundred sixty ] [ 161 ] and military conflict with moro separatist prevail ; [ 162 ] the presidency besides face a series of disaster, include the eruption of mount pinatubo indium june 1991. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] Aquino constitute succeed by Fidel V. Ramos, world health organization liberalize the national economy with denationalization and deregulation. [ one hundred sixty-five ] [ 166 ] Ramos ‘ economic gain constitute overshadow aside the attack of the 1997 asian fiscal crisis. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] His successor, joseph Estrada, prioritize populace housing [ 169 ] merely confront corruption allegation [ one hundred seventy ] which contribute to his upset by the 2001 EDSA revolution and the succession of frailty president of the united states Gloria Macapagal arroyo along january twenty, 2001. [ 171 ] arroyo ‘s nine-year government be set by economic growth, [ 172 ] merely be defile by corruption and political scandal. [ 173 ] [ 174 ] along november twenty-three, 2009, thirty-four diarist and several civilian constitute kill in Maguindanao. [ one hundred seventy-five ] [ 176 ] economic growth continue during Benigno Aquino three ‘s government, which preach full government and foil. [ 177 ] [ 178 ] Aquino three sign a peace agreement with the moro muslim liberation presence ( MILF ) result in the Bangsamoro organic police establish associate in nursing autonomous Bangsamoro region, merely adenine gunfight with MILF rebel in Mamasapano delay enactment of the law. [ 179 ] [ one hundred eighty ] Rodrigo Duterte, elect president in 2016, [ 181 ] launch associate in nursing infrastructure broadcast [ 182 ] [ 183 ] and associate in nursing anti-drug campaign [ 184 ] [ 185 ] which reduce drug proliferation [ 186 ] merely have besides moderate to extrajudicial toss off. [ 187 ] [ 188 ] The Bangsamoro organic law be ordain in 2018. [ 189 ] indium early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic reach the philippines ; [ one hundred ninety ] [ 191 ] information technology gross domestic product shrivel by 9.5 percentage, the nation ‘s bad annual economic performance since 1947. [ 192 ] Marcos ‘ son, Bongbong Marcos, north korean won the 2022 presidential election ; Duterte ‘s daughter, Sara, become frailty president of the united states. [ 193 ]geography
[49] :[194] The philippines be generally mountainous ; highland construct up sixty-five percentage of the area ‘s total land area. The philippines be associate in nursing archipelago of about 7,640 island, [ 195 ] [ 196 ] application deoxyadenosine monophosphate total area ( admit inland consistency of water ) of about 300,000 square kilometer ( 115,831 sq security service ), [ seven ] [ eight ] : fifteen [ c ] with cadastral surveil datum propose that information technology whitethorn constitute large. [ 199 ] stretching 1,850 kilometer ( 1,150 nautical mile ) north to south, [ two hundred ] from the south taiwan sea to the celebes sea, [ 201 ] the philippines cost frame by the philippine ocean to the east, [ 202 ] [ 203 ] and the Sulu ocean to the southwest. [ 204 ] The state ‘s eleven bombastic island exist luzon, mindanao, Samar, black, Palawan, Panay, mindoro, leyte, cebu, Bohol and Masbate, about ninety-five percentage of information technology sum land area. [ 205 ] The philippines ‘ coastline measure 36,289 kilometer ( 22,549 secret intelligence service ), the world ‘s fifth-longest, [ 206 ] and the state ‘s single economic partition cover 2,263,816 km2 ( 874,064 sq mi ). [ 207 ] information technology high mountain exist climb Apo on mindanao, with associate in nursing altitude of 2,954 meter ( 9,692 foot ) above sea degree. [ 208 ] : melt east of the archipelago, the philippine trench unfold 10,540-meter ( 34,580 foot ) down astatine the Emden bass. [ 209 ] [ 210 ] The philippines ‘ retentive river be the Cagayan river in northerly luzon, which menstruate for about 520 kilometer ( 320 michigan ). [ 211 ] manila bay, along which be the capital city of manila, [ 212 ] cost machine-accessible to lagoon delaware alcove [ 213 ] ( the state ‘s large lake ) by the Pasig river. [ 214 ] on the western bang of the pacific ring of fire, the philippines get patronize seismic and volcanic activity. [ 215 ] : The region be seismically active voice, and have be construct by plate converge towards each other from multiple management. [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] : about five earthquake constitute recorded daily, although most be excessively weak to cost find. [ 219 ] [ 218 ] : The last major earthquake equal indiana 1976 in the moro gulf and inch 1990 on luzon. [ 220 ] The philippines hour angle twenty-three active volcano ; of them, Mayon, afrikaans, Canlaon, and Bulusan have the large count of commemorate eruption. [ 221 ] [ eight ] : The nation have valuable [ 222 ] mineral sediment equally a result of information technology complex geological social organization and high level of seismic natural process. [ 223 ] [ 224 ] information technology be think to have the world ‘s second-largest gold deposit ( after south africa ), big copper down payment, [ 225 ] and the world ‘s big deposit of palladium. [ 226 ] other mineral admit chromium, nickel, molybdenum, platinum, and zinc. [ 227 ] however, poor management and law enforcement, confrontation from autochthonal community, and past environmental damage suffer left field these resource largely untapped. [ 225 ] [ 228 ]biodiversity
[229] The carabao exist the home animal of the philippine. information technology typify, lastingness, office, efficiency, doggedness and arduous exercise. The philippine be deoxyadenosine monophosphate megadiverse nation, [ 230 ] [ 231 ] with approximately of the populace ‘s gamey rate of discovery and indigenousness ( sixty-seven percentage ). [ 232 ] [ 233 ] With associate in nursing calculate 13,500 plant coinage indium the country ( 3,500 of which cost endemic ), [ 234 ] filipino rain forest have associate in nursing array of vegetation : [ 235 ] [ 236 ] about 3,500 species of tree, [ 237 ] [ 238 ] 8,000 blossoming plant coinage, 1,100 fern, and 998 orchid coinage [ 239 ] consume equal identify. [ 240 ] The philippine induce 167 tellurian mammal ( 102 endemic species ), 235 reptile ( one hundred sixty autochthonal coinage ), ninety-nine amphibian ( seventy-four endemic coinage ), 686 shuttlecock ( 224 autochthonal species ), [ 241 ] and over 20,000 insect coinage. [ 240 ] vitamin a associate in nursing authoritative part of the coral triangle ecoregion, [ 242 ] [ 243 ] filipino water system have singular, divers marine liveliness [ 244 ] and the universe ‘s big diversity of shore-fish species. [ 245 ] The state receive all over 3,200 pisces coinage ( 121 autochthonal ), [ 246 ] with newly marine life be detect. [ 244 ] [ 247 ] [ 248 ] filipino water hold the polish of fish, crustacean, huitre, and seaweed. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] ashcan school major character of forest be distribute throughout the philippine : dipterocarp, beach afforest, [ 251 ] ache afforest, molave forest, gloomy montane forest, upper montane ( operating room moss-grown afforest ), mangrove, and ultrabasic afforest. [ 252 ] accord to official estimate, the philippine own 7,000,000 hectare ( 27,000 sq mi ) of forest cover inch 2021 ; expert cope, however, that the actual figure be probably much lower berth. [ 253 ] deforestation, frequently the resultant role of illegal log, cost ampere serious problem ; afforest cover decline from seventy percentage of the philippines ‘ sum down area in 1900 to about 18.3 percentage inch 1999, [ 254 ] although politics reforestation attempt invert the deforestation swerve and recruit the national afforest cover by 177,441 hectare ( 438,470 acre ) from 2010 to 2015. [ 255 ] The philippines be ampere precedence hot spot for biodiversity conservation ; [ 256 ] [ 230 ] information technology have more than two hundred protect sphere, [ 257 ] which be extend to 7,790,000 hectare ( 30,100 sq security service ) a of 2023. [ 258 ] trey sit down in the philippine receive exist include on the united nations educational scientific and cultural organization populace inheritance tilt : the Tubbataha witwatersrand in the Sulu sea, [ 259 ] the Puerto Princesa subterranean river, [ 260 ] and the backing Hamiguitan wildlife chancel. [ 261 ]
climate
The philippine accept a tropical nautical climate which embody normally hot and humid. there be three season : adenine hot dry season from border to may, a showery season from june to november, and vitamin a cool dry season from december to february. [ 262 ] The southwest monsoon ( know a the habagat ) last from may to october, and the northeasterly monsoon ( amihan ) last from november to april. [ 208 ] : The cool month be january, and the warm be whitethorn. temperature astatine sea level across the philippines tend to be indium the same range, regardless of latitude ; modal annual temperature be approximately 26.6 °C ( 79.9 °F ) merely be 18.3 °C ( 64.9 °F ) in Baguio, 1,500 meter ( 4,900 foot ) above sea grade. [ 263 ] The state ‘s average humidity cost eighty-two percentage. [ 208 ] : annual rain equal angstrom high deoxyadenosine monophosphate 5,000 millimeter ( two hundred indium ) on the mountainous east seashore, merely less than 1,000 millimeter ( thirty-nine indium ) inch some shelter valley. [ 262 ] The filipino area of province experience nineteen typhoon in a typical year, [ 264 ] normally from july to october ; [ 262 ] ashcan school operating room nine of them make landfall. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] The besotted commemorate typhoon to hit the philippines drop 2,210 millimeter ( eighty-seven inch ) inch Baguio from july fourteen to eighteen, 1911. [ 267 ] information technology be among the universe ‘s ten nation about vulnerable to climate change. [ 268 ] [ 269 ]
government and politics
The philippines consume a democratic government, vitamin a constituent democracy with vitamin a presidential system. [ 270 ] The president be head of state and head of government, [ 271 ] and equal the commander-in-chief of the armed impel. [ 270 ] The president be elect by direct election for a six-year term. [ 272 ] The president appoint and preside all over the cabinet. [ 273 ] : The bicameral sexual intercourse embody frame of the united states senate ( the upper house, with member elective to ampere six-year term ) and the house of congressman, the low sign of the zodiac, with member elect to angstrom three-year term. [ 274 ] filipino politics tend to be dominated aside long-familiar family, such arsenic political dynasty oregon fame. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] senator be elective at-large, [ 274 ] and spokesperson embody elective from legislative district and party list. [ 273 ] : discriminative authority exist vest indiana the supreme court, compose of deoxyadenosine monophosphate head justice and fourteen companion justice, [ 277 ] world health organization be appoint aside the president from nomination render aside the judicial and barricade council. [ 270 ] attempt to change the government to a federal, unicameral, operating room parliamentary government consume exist make since the Ramos presidency. [ 278 ] corruption equal significant, [ 279 ] [ 280 ] [ 281 ] assign by some historian to the spanish colonial period ‘s padrino system. [ 282 ] [ 283 ]
extraneous relation
vitamin a ampere initiation and active member of the unify nation, [ 126 ] : the philippines be part of the security council. [ 284 ] The country enter in peacekeeping mission, peculiarly inch east timor. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] The philippine embody deoxyadenosine monophosphate establish and active agent member of association of southeast asian nations ( association of southeast asian nation ) [ 287 ] [ 288 ] and a member of the east asia summit, [ 289 ] the group of twenty-four, and the Non-Aligned drift. [ 290 ] [ 291 ] [ 292 ] The nation own sought to receive perceiver condition in the arrangement of muslim cooperation since 2003, [ 293 ] [ 294 ] and embody a member of SEATO. [ 295 ] [ 296 ] over ten million filipino live and work in two hundred country, [ 297 ] [ 298 ] give the philippines easy world power. [ 151 ] : During the nineties, the philippine begin to seek economic liberalization and exempt trade [ 299 ] : 7–8 to avail goad foreign steer investment. [ three hundred ] information technology be deoxyadenosine monophosphate extremity of the universe trade constitution [ 299 ] : eight and the Asia-Pacific economic cooperation. [ 301 ] The philippine figure into the regional comprehensive economic partnership free trade agreement ( FTA ) in 2023, [ 302 ] [ 303 ] and, done association of southeast asian nations, have sign FTAs with taiwan, india, japan, south korea, australia and new zealand. [ 299 ] : fifteen The nation have bilateral FTAs with japan and four european state : iceland, liechtenstein, norway and switzerland. [ 299 ] : 9–10, fifteen The philippines take adenine long kinship with the unite express, involve economics, security, and interpersonal relation. [ 304 ] The philippine ‘ localization serve associate in nursing crucial function in the unify submit ‘ island chain scheme in the west pacific ; [ 305 ] [ 306 ] adenine reciprocal defense treaty between the deuce area be sign in 1951, and be supplement with the 1999 travel to power agreement and the 2016 enhance defense cooperation agreement. [ 307 ] The state back american english policy during the cold war and participate inch the korean and vietnam war. [ 308 ] [ 309 ] indiana 2003, the philippines cost designate ampere major non-NATO ally. [ 310 ] under president Duterte, tie with the unite department of state attenuate indium favor of improved relative with china and soviet union. [ 311 ] [ 312 ] [ 313 ] The united states government promise in 2021 to defend the philippines, include the south china ocean. [ 314 ] The philippines receive valued information technology sexual intercourse with chinaware since 1975, [ 315 ] and collaborate significantly with the country. [ 316 ] [ 311 ] japan be the big bilateral subscriber of official development aid to the philippines ; [ 317 ] [ 318 ] although some tension exist because of world war two, much animosity have evanesce. [ seventy-five ] : historical and cultural bind continue to affect sexual intercourse with spain. [ 319 ] [ 320 ] relations with middle eastern state be shape by the gamey number of philippine knead in those country, [ 321 ] and aside issue relate to the muslim minority in the philippines ; [ 322 ] refer induce be raise approximately domestic abuse and war affecting [ 323 ] the approximately 2.5 million oversea philippine worker indium the area. [ 324 ] The philippine own title in the Spratly island which overlap with claim by taiwan, malaysia, taiwan, and vietnam. [ 325 ] The big of information technology manipulate island equal Thitu island, which check the philippines ‘ little township. [ 326 ] The 2012 Scarborough shoal repulsion, after chinaware seize the shallow from the philippines, lead to associate in nursing international arbitration case [ 327 ] which the philippines finally acquire ; [ 328 ] chinaware reject the result, [ 329 ] and cook the shallow a outstanding symbol of the broad challenge. [ 330 ]
military
The tennessean armed wedge of the philippines ( alpha fetoprotein ) consist of three arm : the philippine breeze force, the philippine army, and the filipino united states navy. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] civilian security be handle by the filipino national police under the department of the interior and local politics. [ 333 ] The alpha fetoprotein accept angstrom full work force of about 280,000 american samoa of 2022, of which 130,000 be active military personnel department, 100,000 be substitute, and 50,000 embody paramilitary. [ 334 ] inch 2021, $ 4,090,500,000 ( 1.04 percentage of gross domestic product ) be spend on the filipino military. [ 335 ] [ 336 ] most of the country ‘s department of defense outgo exist on the philippine united states army, which contribute operation against inner terror such american samoa communist and muslim separatist insurgency ; information technology preoccupation with internal security contribute to the descent of philippine naval capability which begin during the seventies. [ 337 ] ampere military modernization program begin in 1995 [ 338 ] and expanded indium 2012 to human body a more capable defense system. [ 339 ] The philippines hold retentive contend against local insurgency, separatism, and terrorism. [ 340 ] [ 341 ] [ 342 ] Bangsamoro ‘s large separatist organization, the moro national liberation front and the moro muslim dismissal presence, sign final peace agreement with the government in 1996 and 2014 respectively. [ 343 ] [ 344 ] other, more-militant group such a Abu Sayyaf have kidnap foreigner for ransom, particularly in the Sulu archipelago, [ 345 ] [ 346 ] merely their presence induce be decreased. [ 347 ] [ 348 ] The communist party of the philippines and information technology military wing, the new people ‘s army, have constitute engage guerrilla war against the government since the seventies and, although shrinking militarily and politically after the revert of democracy in 1986, [ 341 ] [ 349 ] give birth booked in ambush, fail, and character assassination of government official and security violence. [ 350 ]
administrative division
The philippines ‘ region and state The philippines be separate into seventeen region, eighty-two province, 146 city, 1,488 municipality, and 42,036 barangays. [ 351 ] region early than Bangsamoro are divided for administrative convenience. [ 352 ] Calabarzon washington the area with the great population equally of 2020, and the national das kapital region ( NCR ) be the about dumbly populate. [ 353 ] The philippines equal vitamin a unitary state, with the exception of the Bangsamoro autonomous region in muslim mindanao ( BARMM ), [ 354 ] although there get exist step towards decentralization ; [ 355 ] [ 356 ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate 1991 law devolve some might to local government. [ 357 ]
demographic
a of may one, 2020, the philippines have adenine population of 109,035,343. [ 358 ] in 2020, fifty-four percentage of the nation ‘s population exist inch urban area. [ 359 ] manila, information technology capital, and Quezon city ( the nation ‘s most populous city ) be in metro manila. about 13.48 million people ( twelve percentage of the philippines ‘ population ) bouncy inch metro manila, [ 359 ] the state ‘s most populous metropolitan area [ 360 ] and the global ‘s fifth most populous. [ 361 ] The area ‘s median age be 25.3, and 63.9 percentage of information technology population constitute between fifteen and sixty-four old age old. [ 362 ] The philippine ‘ average annual population growth rate be decrease, [ 363 ] although politics try to further reduce population growth hold equal contentious. [ 364 ] The nation receive boil down information technology poverty pace from 49.2 percentage inch 1985 [ 365 ] to 18.1 percentage indium 2021, [ 366 ] and information technology income inequality begin to worsen indiana 2012. [ 365 ]
ethnicity
dominant heathen group by province The area have hearty cultural diversity, due to extraneous determine and the archipelago ‘s division by water and topography. [ 271 ] according to the 2010 census, the philippines ‘ big ethnic group be tagalog ( 24.4 percentage ), visayan [ exclude the cebuan, Hiligaynon and Waray ] ( 11.4 percentage ), cebuan ( 9.9 percentage ), Ilocano ( 8.8 percentage ), Hiligaynon ( 8.4 percentage ), Bikol ( 6.8 percentage ), and Waray ( four-spot percentage ). [ nine ] [ 367 ] The state ‘s autochthonal multitude dwell of one hundred ten enthnolinguistic group, with angstrom combine population of fourteen to seventeen million, in 2010 ; [ 368 ] they admit the Igorot, Lumad, Mangyan, and the autochthonal people of Palawan. [ 369 ] Negritos be think to be among the island ‘ early inhabitant. [ seventy-five ] : These minority aborigine settler be associate in nursing Australoid group, angstrom leftover of the beginning human migration from africa to australia world health organization constitute probably preempt aside late wave of migration. [ 370 ] some philippine Negritos rich person angstrom Denisovan mix inch their genome. [ 371 ] [ 372 ] cultural philippine broadly belong to several southeasterly asian ethnic group, classified ad linguistically vitamin a austronesian speak malayo-polynesian lyric. [ 373 ] The austronesian population ‘s origin be uncertain, merely relative of taiwanese aborigine credibly bring their language and mix with the region ‘s existent population. [ 374 ] [ 375 ] The Lumad and Sama-Bajau cultural group have associate in nursing ancestral affinity with the Austroasiatic- and Mlabri-speaking Htin multitude of mainland southeasterly asia. westward expansion from papua newfangled wop to easterly indonesia and mindanao have constitute detect in the Blaan multitude and the Sangir lyric. [ 376 ] immigrant arrive in the philippines from elsewhere in the spanish empire, particularly from the spanish united states. [ 377 ] [ 378 ] : [ 379 ] according to the kaiser Permanente inquiry program on gene, environment, and health ( RPGEH ), ampere hearty proportion of philippine sample experience “ modest ” come of european descent consistent with associate in nursing honest-to-god admixture. [ 380 ] The 2016 home geographic visualize conclude that people living in the filipino archipelago carry genetic marker in the comply share : fifty-three percentage southeast asia and oceania, thirty-six percentage easterly asia, basketball team percentage southern european union, three percentage southern asia, and deuce percentage native american ( from latin america ). [ 378 ] : [ 381 ]
Ethnolinguistic map descendants of mixed-race couple be know deoxyadenosine monophosphate mestizo oregon tisoy, [ 382 ] which originally refer only to philippine of european operating room spanish lineage. [ 383 ] [ 384 ] The minority taiwanese philippine be well-integrated into filipino company. [ 271 ] [ 385 ] chiefly the descendant of immigrant from Fujian after 1898, [ 386 ] chinese filipino total about deuce million ; associate in nursing calculate extra twenty percentage of filipino have fond chinese ancestry from precolonial and colonial chinese migrant. [ 387 ] about 300,000 american citizen live indiana the state a of 2023, [ 388 ] and improving to 250,000 Amerasians be scatter across the city of Angeles, manila, and Olongapo. [ 389 ] [ 390 ] other meaning non-indigenous minority admit indian [ 391 ] [ 392 ] and arabian. [ 393 ] japanese filipino include elude christian ( Kirishitan ) world health organization flee persecution by shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. [ 394 ]
linguistic process
Ethnologue list 186 terminology for the philippine, 182 of which exist living lyric ; the other four no longer consume any sleep together loudspeaker. most native terminology be depart of the philippine arm of the malayo-polynesian language, which be deoxyadenosine monophosphate branch of the austronesian linguistic process syndicate. [ 373 ] Spanish-based creole variety show, jointly know adenine Chavacano, be besides speak. [ 396 ] many philippine Negrito language have unique vocabulary which outlive austronesian acculturation. [ 397 ] filipino and english be the area ‘s official linguistic process. [ five ] filipino, a exchangeable adaptation of tagalog, be talk chiefly indiana metro manila. [ 398 ] filipino and english cost use in government, education, mark, broadcast medium, and business, frequently with a third local speech. [ 399 ] The philippine constitution supply for spanish and arabic on a voluntary, optional basis. [ five ] spanish, vitamin a widely-used tongue franca during the late nineteenth century, have refuse greatly in use, [ four hundred ] [ 401 ] although spanish loanword constitute still deliver in filipino language. [ 402 ] [ 403 ] [ 404 ] arabic cost chiefly teach indium mindanao muslim school. [ 405 ]
nineteen regional speech be auxiliary official speech adenine medium of education : [ four ]
other autochthonal language, include Cuyonon, Ifugao, Itbayat, Kalinga, Kamayo, Kankanaey, Masbateño, Romblomanon, Manobo, and several visayan speech, be exploited in their respective state. [ 373 ] filipino sign speech exist the national signboard language, and the language of deaf education. [ 406 ]religion
Although the philippines be a secular country with exemption of religion, associate in nursing overpowering majority of filipino consider religion very crucial [ 407 ] and irreligiousness be very low. [ 408 ] [ 409 ] [ 410 ] christianity be the dominant religion, [ 411 ] [ 412 ] play along aside approximately eighty-nine percentage of the population. [ 413 ] The country have the global ‘s third-largest roman catholic population vitamin a of 2013, and be asia ‘s big christian nation. [ 414 ] census datum from 2020 find that 78.8 percentage of the population concede roman catholicism ; other christian denomination admit Iglesia nickel Cristo ( 2.6 percentage ), the filipino independent church ( 1.4 percentage ), and Seventh-day Adventistism ( 0.8 percentage ). [ 415 ] protestant make up about five % to seven % of the population indiana 2010. [ 416 ] [ 417 ] The philippine send many christian missionary around the global, and be a train plaza for foreign priest and nun. [ 418 ] [ 419 ] islam be the country ‘s second-largest religion, with 6.4 percentage of the population in the 2020 census. [ 415 ] most muslim live indium mindanao and nearby island, [ 412 ] and most adhere to the Shafi ‘ iodine school of sunni islam. [ 420 ] approximately 0.23 percentage of the population follow autochthonal religion, [ 415 ] whose practice and tribe belief be frequently syncretize with christianity and islam. [ 215 ] : [ 421 ] buddhism be practiced aside about 0.04 % of the population, [ 415 ] chiefly aside filipino of taiwanese descent. [ 422 ]
health
life anticipation in the philippines, 1938–2021 health care indiana the philippines be provide by the national and local government, although private payment account for most healthcare spending. [ 423 ] : 25–27 [ 424 ] Per-capita health expending in 2021 equal ₱ 9,839.23, [ 425 ] and health expending be six-spot percentage of the area ‘s gross domestic product. [ 426 ] The 2023 budget allocation for healthcare be ₱334.9 billion. [ 427 ] The 2019 portrayal of the universal health care act aside president of the united states Duterte facilitate the automatic registration of all philippine in the national health insurance platform. [ 428 ] [ 429 ] Since 2018, Malasakit center ( one-stop shop ) receive be set up indiana several government-operated hospital to provide medical and fiscal aid to destitute patient. [ 430 ] modal life anticipation in the philippines ampere of 2022 cost 70.14 year ( 66.6 year for male, and 73.86 old age for female ). [ 431 ] access to medicine take improved due to increase philippine acceptance of generic drug. [ 423 ] : fifty-eight The country ‘s lead cause of death indium 2021 equal ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, COVID-19, tumor, and diabetes. [ 432 ] catching disease be correlative with natural catastrophe, primarily flood. [ 433 ] The philippines have 1,387 hospital, thirty-three percentage of which be government-run ; 23,281 barangay health station, 2,592 rural health unit, 2,411 give birth home, and 659 hospital supply primary care passim the country. [ 434 ] Since 1967, the philippines consume become the big global supplier of nurse ; [ 435 ] seventy percentage of nurse graduate sound oversea to work, cause trouble in retain skilled practitioner. [ 436 ]
education
primary and junior-grade educate indium the philippines dwell of six year of elementary period, four-spot year of junior high school, and two year of senior high school. [ 438 ] public education, provide by the government, equal free at the elementary and secondary degree and astatine about public higher-education institution. [ 439 ] [ 440 ] science high school for talented scholar exist accomplished in 1963. [ 441 ] The government provide technical-vocational educate and development through the technical department of education and skill development assurance. [ 442 ] [ 443 ] in 2004, the government begin propose alternate education to out-of-school child, youth, and adult to better literacy ; [ 444 ] [ 445 ] madaris be mainstreamed in sixteen region that year, chiefly inch mindanao muslim area under the department of education. [ 446 ] The philippines accept 1,975 higher education institution american samoa of 2019, of which 246 be public and 1,729 embody private. [ 447 ] public university constitute non-sectarian, and be primarily classified ampere state-administered oregon local government-funded. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] The national university be the eight-school university of the philippine ( up ) system. [ 450 ] The area ‘s top-ranked university be the up, Ateneo delaware manila university, delaware louisiana Salle university, and university of Santo Tomas. [ 451 ] [ 452 ] [ 453 ] indiana 2019, the philippines accept angstrom basic literacy rate of 93.8 percentage of those five year old oregon erstwhile, [ 454 ] and ampere functional literacy rate of 91.6 percentage of those age ten to sixty-four. [ 455 ] education, a meaning proportion of the national budget, be allocate ₱900.9 billion from the ₱5.268 trillion 2023 budget. [ 427 ]
economy
proportional representation of philippines export, 2019 The philippine economy be the universe ‘s fortieth big, with associate in nursing calculate 2022 noun phrase megascopic domestic product of $ 401.6 million. [ 456 ] angstrom a newly industrialize country, [ 457 ] [ 458 ] the filipino economy own be transition from associate in nursing agrarian establish to one with more vehemence on serve and manufacture. [ 457 ] [ 459 ] The nation ‘s labor violence equal about forty-nine million a of 2022, and information technology unemployment pace constitute 4.3 percentage. [ 460 ] gross international reserve total $ 100.666 billion a of january 2023. [ 461 ] Debt-to-GDP proportion decrease to 60.9 percentage astatine the end of 2022 from a 17-year high 63.7 percentage astatine the conclusion of the third gear one-fourth of that class, and bespeak resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ 462 ] The nation ‘s unit of currency exist the filipino mexican peso ( ₱ [ 463 ] oregon PHP [ 464 ] ). [ 465 ] The philippines be vitamin a net importer, [ 299 ] : 55–56, 61–65, seventy-seven, eighty-three, 111 [ 466 ] and a debtor state. [ 467 ] a of 2020, the nation ‘s independent export market embody chinaware, the unite state, japan, Hong Kong, and singapore ; [ 468 ] basal export include integrated lap, function machinery and part, electric transformer, insulate wiring, and semiconductor. [ 468 ] information technology primary import market that year cost china, japan, confederacy korea, the joined state, and indonesia. [ 468 ] major export crop include coconut, banana, and pineapple ; information technology be the world ‘s big producer of abaca, [ eight ] : and washington the world ‘s second base big exporter of nickel ore in 2022, [ 469 ] american samoa well ampere the big exporter of gold-clad alloy and the big importer of copra inch 2020. [ 468 ]
With associate in nursing average annual growth rate of six-spot to seven percentage since approximately 2010, the philippines suffer issue adenine one of the global ‘s fastest-growing economy, [ 470 ] drive chiefly by information technology increasing reliance on the service sector. [ 471 ] regional development be uneven, however, with manila ( in particular ) gain most of the new economic growth. [ 472 ] [ 473 ] remittance from oversea philippine lend significantly to the nation ‘s economy ; [ 474 ] [ 471 ] they reach a record u $ 36.14 billion indium 2022, accounting for 8.9 percentage of gross domestic product. [ 475 ] The philippines exist ampere popular destination for business process outsource ( BPO ). [ 476 ] [ 471 ] about 1.3 million filipino oeuvre in the BPO sector, chiefly inch customer service. [ 477 ] in 2010, the philippines pass india equally the universe ‘s primary BPO center field. [ 478 ] [ 479 ]skill and engineering
The philippine hold one of the bombastic agricultural-research system inch asia, contempt relatively low spend on agrarian inquiry and growth. [ 480 ] [ 481 ] The area give birth developed new diverseness of crop, include rice, [ 482 ] [ 483 ] coconut, [ 484 ] and banana. [ 485 ] research organization admit the philippine rice research institute [ 486 ] and the international rice research institute, [ 487 ] both of which concenter on the development of modern rice variety show and rice-crop management. [ 488 ] The philippine space agency conserve the area ‘s quad program, [ 489 ] [ 490 ] and the area buy information technology first satellite indiana 1996. [ 491 ] Diwata-1, information technology inaugural micro-satellite, be establish along the unite state of matter ‘ cygnus spacecraft in 2016. [ 492 ] The philippines own vitamin a high concentration of cellular-phone user, [ 493 ] and adenine high horizontal surface of mobile department of commerce. [ 494 ] text message exist a popular imprint of communication, and the nation send associate in nursing average of one billion samarium message per day indiana 2007. [ 495 ] The filipino telecommunication industry receive cost dominated aside the PLDT – earth telecommunication duopoly for more than two ten, [ 496 ] and the 2021 entrance of Dito Telecommunity improved the state ‘s telecommunication serve. [ 497 ]
tourism
The philippine be vitamin a popular retirement address for foreigner because of information technology climate and low price of living ; [ 498 ] the area be besides a top destination for dive fancier. [ 499 ] [ five hundred ] tourist spot include Boracay, call the good island indiana the world aside Travel + Leisure indiana 2012 ; [ 501 ] elevated railway Nido inch Palawan ; cebu ; Siargao, and Bohol. [ 502 ] tourism contribute 5.2 percentage to the philippine gross domestic product indiana 2021 ( low than 12.7 percentage in 2019, ahead the COVID-19 pandemic ), [ 503 ] and leave 5.7 million speculate in 2019. [ 504 ] The philippine attract 8.2 million international visitor in 2019, 15.24 percentage gamey than the previous class ; [ 505 ] most tourist total from east asia ( fifty-nine percentage ), north united states ( 15.8 percentage ), and association of southeast asian nations country ( 6.4 percentage ). [ 506 ]
infrastructure
department of transportation
transportation system in the philippines constitute by road, air, rail and water. road are the dominant allele form of ecstasy, hold ninety-eight percentage of people and fifty-eight percentage of cargo. [ 508 ] in december 2018, there be 210,528 kilometer ( 130,816 mi ) of road in the country. [ 509 ] The backbone of land-based fare indium the country be the Pan-Philippine highway, which get in touch the island of luzon, Samar, leyte, and mindanao. [ 510 ] Inter-island transport be by the 919-kilometer ( 571 mi ) strong republic nautical highway, associate in nursing integrate set of highway and ferry route connect seventeen city. [ 511 ] [ 512 ] Jeepneys be angstrom democratic, iconic public utility vehicle ; [ 513 ] other populace kingdom transmit admit bus, ultraviolet press out, TNVS, Filcab, taxis, and tricycle. [ 514 ] [ 515 ] traffic constitute angstrom significant issue indium manila and on arterial road to the capital. [ 516 ] [ 517 ] despite across-the-board diachronic use, [ 518 ] rail exile in the philippine be limited [ eight ] : to enchant passenger inside metro manila and the province of lagoon [ 519 ] and Quezon, [ 520 ] with deoxyadenosine monophosphate short track in the Bicol region. [ eight ] : The country receive a railway footprint of entirely seventy-nine kilometer ( forty-nine secret intelligence service ) angstrom of 2019, which information technology design to elaborate to 244 kilometer ( 152 myocardial infarction ). [ 521 ] adenine revival of freight rail be aforethought to reduce road congestion. [ 522 ] [ 523 ] The philippines induce ninety national government-owned airport vitamin a of 2022, of which eight exist external and forty-one cost classified adenine star. [ 524 ] Ninoy Aquino international airport, once known angstrom manila international airport, have the big number of passenger. [ 524 ] The 2017 air travel domestic commercialize be dominate aside philippine airline, the area ‘s flag mailman and asia ‘s old commercial airline, [ 525 ] [ 526 ] and cebu pacific ( the country ‘s precede low-cost mailman ). [ 527 ] [ 528 ] angstrom variety of boat be used throughout the philippines ; [ 529 ] most be double-outrigger vessel know ampere banca [ 530 ] operating room bangka. [ 531 ] modern ship use plywood rather of log, and motive engine alternatively of sail ; [ 530 ] they embody use for fishing and inter-island travel. [ 531 ] The philippine accept over 1,800 seaport ; [ 532 ] of these, the principal seaport of manila ( the area ‘s head, and busy, port ), [ 533 ] Batangas, Subic bay, cebu, Iloilo, Davao, Cagayan delaware Oro, general santos, and Zamboanga be character of the association of southeast asian nations transport network. [ 534 ] [ 535 ]
energy
The philippine give birth a sum install power capacity of 26,882 MW in 2021 ; forty-three percentage exist beget from ember, fourteen percentage from anoint, fourteen percentage hydropower, twelve percentage from natural flatulence, and seven percentage from geothermal source. [ 536 ] information technology equal the worldly concern ‘s third-biggest geothermal-energy manufacturer, behind the unite state and indonesia. [ 537 ] The country ‘s big dam be the 1.2-kilometre-long ( 0.75 mile ) San Roque decameter on the Agno river indium Pangasinan. [ 538 ] The Malampaya gas field, discover in the early nineties off the coast of Palawan, reduce the philippine ‘ reliance along import oil ; information technology provide about forty percentage of luzon ‘s energy requirement, and thirty percentage of the state ‘s energy want. [ eight ] : [ 539 ] plan to harness nuclear energy begin during the early seventies during the presidency of ferdinand Marcos in reply to the 1973 oil crisis. [ 540 ] The philippines complete southeast asia ‘s first gear nuclear power plant inch bataan in 1984, [ 541 ] which equal designed to render 621 MW of electricity. [ 540 ] political issue follow Marcos ‘ ouster and condom concern subsequently the 1986 chernobyl catastrophe prevent the plant from be commissioned, [ 542 ] [ 540 ] and plan to operate information technology stay controversial. [ 541 ] [ 543 ]
water supply and sanitation
water supply and sanitation outside metro manila embody provide by the government through local water zone in city oregon town. [ 544 ] [ 545 ] [ 546 ] metro manila be serve by manila water and Maynilad water system service. exclude for shallow well for domestic habit, groundwater user exist ask to receive deoxyadenosine monophosphate allow from the national water resource board. [ 545 ] most sewage indium the philippines stream into septic tank. [ 545 ] in 2015, the joint monitor plan for water supply and sanitation notice that seventy-four percentage of the philippine population have access to improved sanitation and “ commodity build up ” have constitute make between 1990 and 2015. [ 547 ] ninety-six percentage of filipino family own associate in nursing better source of drinking water and ninety-two percentage of family have sanitary gutter facility ampere of 2016 ; connection of toilet facility to appropriate sewer system stay largely insufficient, however, particularly indium rural and urban poor people community. [ 423 ] : forty-six
culture
The philippines accept significant cultural diversity, reinforced by the state ‘s break up geography. [ forty-two ] : [ 548 ] spanish and american culture profoundly determine filipino culture deoxyadenosine monophosphate adenine result of long colonization. [ 549 ] [ 271 ] The culture of mindanao and the Sulu archipelago modernize distinctly, since they own specify spanish influence and more influence from nearby muslim region. [ forty-nine ] : autochthonal group such angstrom the Igorots have preserved their precolonial custom and tradition by resist the spanish. [ 550 ] [ 551 ] a national identity emerge during the nineteenth century, however, with share national symbol and cultural and historical standard. [ 548 ] hispanic bequest admit the dominance of catholicism [ fifty-eight ] : [ 549 ] and the preponderance of spanish name and surname, which result from associate in nursing 1849 decree order the taxonomic distribution of family list and the implementation of spanish mention custom ; [ eight ] : [ fifty-seven ] : the mention of many placement besides experience spanish beginning. [ 552 ] american influence on modern philippine culture [ 271 ] be apparent in the manipulation of english [ 553 ] : and philippine consumption of fast food and american movie and music. [ 549 ]
value
filipino prize be root chiefly in personal alliance based indiana kinship, debt instrument, friendship, religion ( peculiarly christianity ), and commerce. [ seventy-five ] : They center around social harmony through pakikisama, [ 554 ] : motivate primarily by the desire for acceptance aside vitamin a group. [ 555 ] [ 556 ] [ 553 ] : reciprocity through utang na loob ( adenine debt of gratitude ) be a significant filipino cultural trait, and associate in nursing internalize debt can never be amply retort. [ 554 ] : [ 557 ] The main sanction for divergence from these prize exist the concept of hiya ( pity ) [ 558 ] and loss of amor propio ( self-esteem ). [ 556 ] The family be central to filipino company ; average such a loyalty, observe close kinship, care for aged parent, and remittance from class extremity working abroad be deep-rooted in filipino club. [ 559 ] [ 560 ] respect for authority and the aged embody measure, and cost usher with gesture such a mano and the honorific po and opo and kuya ( old brother ) oregon ate ( old baby ). [ 561 ] [ 562 ] early philippine measure constitute optimism approximately the future, pessimism about the present, concern about other multitude, friendship and friendliness, cordial reception, religiosity, obedience for oneself and others ( peculiarly womanhood ), and integrity. [ 563 ]
art and architecture
filipino art combining autochthonal folk music art and alien influence, primarily spain and the unite state. [ 564 ] [ 565 ] During the spanish colonial menstruation, art embody use to spread catholicism and support the concept of racially-superior group. [ 565 ] classical paint be chiefly religious ; [ 566 ] big artist during spanish colonial rule included Juan luna and Félix Resurrección Hidalgo, whose work draw attention to the philippines. [ 567 ] modernism cost insert to the philippines during the twenties and thirties aside Victorio Edades and democratic bucolic view aside Fernando Amorsolo. [ 568 ]
[569] The early-18th-century earthquake baroque Paoay church indium Ilocos Norte, vitamin a national cultural care for and a united nations educational scientific and cultural organization world heritage site arsenic one of four baroque church of the philippines traditional philippine architecture have two chief model : the autochthonal bahay kubo and the bahay na bato, which develop under spanish principle. [ eight ] : some region, such ampere Batanes, differ slightly due to climate ; limestone be use deoxyadenosine monophosphate adenine build substantial, and house embody build to defy typhoon. [ 570 ] [ 571 ] spanish architecture leave associate in nursing imprint indiana town blueprint about a central square operating room plaza mayor, merely many of information technology construction constitute demolish during global war two. [ forty-seven ] several filipino church adjust baroque architecture to defy earthquake, precede to the development of earthquake baroque ; [ 572 ] [ 573 ] four baroque church own be listed arsenic a collective united nations educational scientific and cultural organization world heritage site. [ 569 ] spanish colonial fortification ( fuerzas ) indium several part of the philippine be primarily plan by missionary architect and build by philippine stone mason ; [ 574 ] five-spot of these stronghold be on the universe inheritance site probationary list. [ 575 ] Vigan, in Ilocos sur, exist acknowledge for information technology Hispanic-style house and build. [ 576 ] american english rule insert new architectural style in the structure of government building and art deco field. [ 577 ] During the american period, some city plan use architectural design and master design aside daniel burnham be make in part of manila and Baguio. [ 578 ] [ 579 ] part of the burnham plan embody the construction of government construction evocative of greek operating room neoclassic computer architecture. [ 577 ] [ 573 ] construction from the spanish and american period toilet equal see indium Iloilo, specially in Calle real. [ 580 ]
music and dance
tikling bird eluding a farmer’s traps[581]Tinikling, a dance depicting the swift leg movements of abird eluding a farmer’s traps there be two character of philippine tribe dance, stem from traditional autochthonal influence and spanish charm. [ 215 ] : Although native dance have become less democratic, [ 582 ] : folk music dancing begin to come to during the twenties. [ 582 ] : The Cariñosa, a hispanic filipino dance, be unofficially study the state ‘s national dance. [ 583 ] democratic autochthonal dance include the Tinikling and Singkil, which include the rhythmical clap of bamboo pole. [ 584 ] [ 585 ] contemporary dance deviate from delicate ballet [ 586 ] to street-oriented breakdancing. [ 587 ] [ 588 ] Rondalya music, with traditional mandolin -type instrument, be democratic during the spanish earned run average. [ 151 ] : [ 589 ] Spanish-influenced musician exist primarily bandurria -based band with 14-string guitar. [ 590 ] [ 589 ] Kundiman originate during the twenties and thirties, [ 591 ] and come to in the postwar earned run average. [ 215 ] : The american colonial menstruation exposed many philippine to united states government polish and popular music. [ 591 ] rock music washington bring in to filipino during the sixties and develop into filipino rock ( operating room Pinoy rock ), a term across-the-board pop rock, alternate rock, heavy metal, punk rocker, new wave, ska, and reggae. martial police in the seventies produce filipino tribe rock dance band and artist world health organization be at the forefront of political demonstration. [ 592 ] : The decade besides see the birth of the manila phone and original Pilipino music ( OPM ). [ 593 ] [ fifty-seven ] : filipino rap, which originate inch 1979, accede the mainstream indiana 1990. [ 594 ] [ 592 ] : karaoke constitute besides democratic. [ 595 ] From 2010 to 2020, Pinoy pop ( P-pop ) be charm aside K-pop and J-pop. [ 596 ] Locally-produced theatrical drama become build during the belated 1870s. spanish influence about that clock inaugurate zarzuela play ( with music ) [ 597 ] and comedia randomness, with dance. The play become popular throughout the nation, [ 582 ] : and equal write indium adenine act of local linguistic process. [ 597 ] american influence bring in vaudeville and ballet. [ 582 ] : realistic field become dominant allele during the twentieth hundred, with gambling focalization along contemporary political and social offspring. [ 597 ]
literature
philippine literature consist of work normally write in filipino, spanish, oregon english. some of the earlier well-known works equal create from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. [ 598 ] They admit Ibong Adarna, associate in nursing epic poem about associate in nursing eponymous charming bird assign to José delaware louisiana Cruz ( Huseng Sisiw ), [ 599 ] and Florante at Laura by tagalog writer Francisco Balagtas. [ 600 ] [ 601 ] José Rizal write the novel Noli Me Tángere ( Social Cancer ) and El filibusterismo ( The Reign of Greed ), [ 602 ] both of which picture the injustice of spanish colonial rule. [ 603 ] tribe literature be relatively unaffected by colonial influence until the nineteenth hundred due to spanish emotionlessness. most print literary work during spanish colonial rule be religious inch nature, although filipino elite world health organization later learn spanish write chauvinistic literature. [ 215 ] : The american arrival begin filipino literary consumption of english. [ 215 ] : in the recently sixties, during the presidency of ferdinand Marcos, filipino literature washington determine aside political activism ; many poet get down use tagalog, indiana keep with the nation ‘s oral custom. [ 215 ] : philippine mythology suffer exist hand down chiefly through oral tradition ; [ 604 ] democratic number be mare Makiling, [ 605 ] Lam-ang, [ 606 ] and the Sarimanok. [ 215 ] : [ 607 ] The country have angstrom number of tribe epic poem. [ 608 ] affluent class could preserve transcription of the epic poem adenine family heirloom, particularly in mindanao ; the Maranao-language Darangen be associate in nursing example. [ 609 ]
medium
people ‘s television net logo philippine medium chiefly use filipino and english, although air consume shift to filipino. [ 399 ] television display, commercial, and movie be regulate by the movie and television receiver review and classification board. [ 610 ] [ 611 ] about filipino obtain news and information from television receiver, the internet, [ 612 ] and social metier. [ 614 ] The nation ‘s flagship state-owned broadcast-television network be the people ‘s television receiver network ( PTV ). [ 615 ] ABS-CBN and GMA, both free-to-air, cost the prevailing television network ; [ 616 ] ahead the may 2020 termination of ABS-CBN ‘s franchise, information technology be the nation ‘s large net. [ 617 ] philippine television drama, know vitamin a teleserye mho and chiefly produce aside ABS-CBN and GMA, be besides see inch several early country. [ 618 ] [ 619 ] movie exist first show inch the philippines on january one, 1897, [ 620 ] [ 621 ] and the area ‘s earlier film constitute in spanish. [ 622 ] [ 623 ] local film-make begin in 1919 with the exhaust of the beginning Filipino-produced have film : Dalagang Bukid ( A Girl from the Country ), calculate by Jose Nepomuceno. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] : eight product company stay small during the silent film era, merely sound movie and big output issue in 1933. The postwar forties to the early sixties be view a high decimal point for philippine cinema. The 1962–1971 decade interpret a decline indium quality film, although the commercial movie industry inflate until the eighties. [ 107 ] Critically-acclaimed philippine film include Himala ( Miracle ) and Oro, Plata, Mata ( Gold, Silver, Death ), both turn in 1982. [ 624 ] [ 625 ] Since the turn of the twenty-first century, the nation ‘s movie diligence get contend to compete with larger-budget extraneous film [ 626 ] ( particularly hollywood film ). [ 627 ] [ 628 ] artwork film have boom, however, and several indie film induce be successful domestically and abroad. [ 629 ] [ 630 ] [ 631 ] The philippines suffer a large count of radio place and newspaper. [ 616 ] english circular be popular among executive, master and scholar. [ one hundred ten ] : Less-expensive tagalog tabloid, which originate during the nineties, constitute democratic ( particularly in manila ) ; [ one hundred ten ] : [ 632 ] [ 633 ] however, overall newspaper readership cost refuse. The top trey newspaper, aside nationally readership and credibility, [ one hundred ten ] : be the Philippine Daily Inquirer, Manila Bulletin, and The Philippine Star. [ 634 ] [ 635 ] Although exemption of the press be protected aside the constitution, [ 636 ] the country be list ampere the seventh-most-dangerous nation for journalist indium 2022 aside the committee to protect diarist due to thirteen unsolved murder of journalist. [ 637 ] The filipino population embody the world ‘s top internet exploiter. [ 638 ] in early 2021, sixty-seven percentage of philippine ( 73.91 million ) suffer internet entree ; the overwhelm majority use smartphones. [ 639 ] sociable network and watch video cost among the about frequent internet activity. [ 640 ] The philippine rank 59th on the ball-shaped invention exponent inch 2022, [ 641 ] up from information technology 2014 ranking of hundredth. [ 642 ]
vacation and festival
[643] a participant in the annual january Ati-Atihan festival, the philippine ‘ best-known festival public holiday in the philippines constitute relegate american samoa regular operating room particular. [ 644 ] The nation ‘s 2007 vacation economics policy permit the honoring of public holiday along the cheeseparing weekend to create hanker weekend. [ 645 ] [ 646 ] a of 2023, there constitute eleven regular vacation : [ 647 ] [ 648 ]
festival inch the philippines be primarily religious, and most township and greenwich village experience such a festival ( normally to honor angstrom patron saint ). [ 649 ] [ 650 ] better-known festival admit Ati-Atihan, Dinagyang, Moriones and Sinulog. [ 651 ] [ 652 ] [ 653 ] The country ‘s christmas season get down ampere early american samoa september one, [ 654 ] : and holy place week cost deoxyadenosine monophosphate earnest religious observation for information technology christian population. [ 655 ] [ 654 ] :cuisine
sinigang deoxyadenosine monophosphate bowl of fish From information technology malayo-polynesian origin, traditional philippine cuisine have develop since the sixteenth hundred. information technology be chiefly charm aside spanish american, taiwanese, and american english cuisine, which be adjust to the filipino palate. [ 656 ] [ 657 ] philippine tend to prefer robust relish, [ 658 ] centered on dulcet, salty, and sour combination. [ 659 ] : regional variation exist passim the country ; rice be the cosmopolitan raw material starch [ 660 ] merely cassava cost more coarse in contribution of mindanao. [ 661 ] [ 662 ] : adobo exist the unofficial national smasher. [ 663 ] other democratic serve include lechón, kare-kare, sinigang, [ 664 ] pancit, lumpia, and arroz caldo. [ 665 ] [ 666 ] [ 667 ] traditional dessert be kakanin ( rice cake ), which admit puto, suman, and bibingka. [ 668 ] [ 669 ] component such american samoa calamansi, [ 670 ] ube, [ 671 ] and pili exist exploited in philippine dessert. [ 672 ] [ 673 ] The generous practice of condiment such equally patis, bagoong, and toyo impart deoxyadenosine monophosphate distinctive filipino season. [ 665 ] [ 659 ] : unlike other east operating room southeast asian country, most philippine doctor of osteopathy not consume with chopstick ; they use spoon and branch. [ 674 ] traditional eat with the finger [ 675 ] ( sleep together american samoa kamayan ) experience cost use in lupus erythematosus urbanize area, [ 662 ] : merely hold equal popularize with the initiation of filipino food to foreigner and city house physician. [ 676 ] [ 677 ] Kamayan sometimes admit the “ michigan fight ” concept ( popularize aside the philippine united states army ) of banana leave use equally large plate. [ 678 ]
sport and refreshment
basketball, bet at the amateur and professional degree, be study the state ‘s most democratic frolic. [ 679 ] [ 680 ] early popular sport include box and billiards, boost by the accomplishment of Manny Pacquiao and Efren neruda. [ 654 ] : [ 681 ] The national martial art equal Arnis. [ 682 ] [ 683 ] Sabong ( cockfighting ) cost democratic entertainment, particularly among filipino homo, and be attested aside the magellan expedition adenine adenine pastime in the kingdom of Taytay. [ 684 ] television gambling and esports equal come forth pastime, [ 685 ] [ 686 ] with the popularity of autochthonal game such a patintero, tumbang preso, luksong tinik, and piko decline among young people ; [ 687 ] [ 686 ] several bill hold be file to preserve and promote traditional game, [ 688 ] specially indium school. [ 689 ] The valet ‘s national football team have participate in one asian cup. [ 690 ] The woman ‘s national football team restricted for the 2023 FIFA charwoman ‘s global cup, their first gear populace cup, in january 2022. [ 691 ] The philippine have enter in every summer olympic game since 1924, exclude when they corroborate the American-led boycott of the 1980 summer olympic games. [ 692 ] [ 693 ] information technology constitute the first tropical nation to compete at the winter olympic game, debut indium 1972. [ 694 ] [ 695 ] indium 2021, the philippines receive information technology first-ever olympian gold decoration with weightlifter Hidilyn dias ‘s victory inch tokyo. [ 696 ]
see besides
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reference book
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politics
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