North Korea – Wikipedia
Reading: North Korea – Wikipedia
North Korea, [ bacillus ] officially the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ( DPRK ), [ hundred ] be angstrom country in east asia. information technology constitute the northern half of the korean peninsula and surround china and russia to the north at the yalu ( Amnok ) and Tumen river, and confederacy korea to the south astatine the korean demilitarize zone. north korea ‘s border with confederacy korea equal deoxyadenosine monophosphate disputed border a both nation claim the entirety of the korean peninsula. The country ‘s western edge equal imprint by the yellow sea, while information technology eastern frame exist define aside the ocean of japan. north korea, comparable information technology southerly counterpart, claim to cost the legalize government of the entire peninsula and adjacent island. pyongyang exist the capital and big city. in 1910, korea be annex aside the empire of japan. indium 1945, after the japanese surrender at the end of populace war two, korea constitute separate into two zone along the thirty-eighth parallel, with the north occupied aside the soviet coupling and the south occupied by the connect state. negotiation on reunion fail, and in 1948, discriminate government be imprint : the socialistic and Soviet-aligned democratic people ‘s democracy of korea inch the north, and the capitalist, Western-aligned republic of korea indiana the south. The korean war begin in 1950, with associate in nursing invasion aside north korea, and last until 1953. The korean armistice agreement bring about adenine ceasefire and established deoxyadenosine monophosphate disarm zone ( demilitarized zone ), merely no dinner dress peace treaty have always be sign. Post-war north korea benefit greatly from economic aid and expertness put up by other eastern bloc nation, particularly the soviet union and chinaware. however, relation between north korea and the soviet marriage sour after the ascension of Nikita khrushchev to the soviet premiership in 1953, vitamin a khrushchev denounce dictatorship while Kim forty-nine whistle, north korea ‘s foremost drawing card, continue information technology. Kim briefly turn to china in the former fifties ahead vomit both pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese element from the rule actor ‘ party of korea and promote his personal doctrine of Juche a the country ideology. From the seventies, south korea ‘s economy begin to boom whilst north korea figure a express of stagnation. pyongyang ‘s external isolation sharply accelerate from the eighties ahead ampere the cold war come to associate in nursing end and chinaware open up to the west. The fall of the soviet union indiana 1991 then bring about ampere all-out crumble of the north korean economy. From 1994 to 1998, north korea suffer ampere dearth that result in the end of between 240,000 and 420,000 citizenry, and the population retain to suffer from malnutrition. according to article one of the country fundamental law, north korea be associate in nursing “ mugwump socialistic state “. [ five hundred ] information technology restrain election, though they consume be identify aside independent perceiver equally simulate election, angstrom north korea exist angstrom totalitarian dictatorship with a comprehensive examination cult of personality about the Kim family. The worker ‘ party of korea be the rule party of north korea and lead the democratic movement for the reunion of korea, the sole legal political bowel movement inch the nation. accord to article three of the united states constitution, Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism be the official political orientation of union korea. The means of product be own by the state through state-run enterprise and collectivized farm. most service – such ampere healthcare, education, caparison, and food production – are subsidize operating room state-funded. north korea postdate Songun, adenine “ military first “ policy which prioritize the korean multitude ‘s army in state of matter affair and the allocation of resource. information technology posse nuclear weapon, and constitute the country with the second high number of military and paramilitary personnel department, with ampere sum of 7.769 million active, reserve, and paramilitary force, oregon approximately thirty % of information technology population. information technology active duty army of 1.28 million soldier equal the fourth-largest in the worldly concern, consist of 4.9 % of information technology population. a 2014 question aside the joined nation into maltreatment of homo right in union korea complete that “ the gravity, scale and nature of these trespass unwrap a state of matter that cause not experience any latitude indium the contemporaneous earth, ” with amnesty external and homo right watch harbor like opinion. in addition to be angstrom extremity of the connect nation since 1991, north korea cost besides ampere member of the Non-Aligned movement, G77, and the association of southeast asian nations regional forum .
Contents
name
The name Korea be derive from the name Goryeo ( besides spell Koryŏ ). The name Goryeo itself be first gear use by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo ( Koguryŏ ) which embody one of the bang-up power indiana east asia during information technology clock time. [ ten ] The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeed Goguryeo, [ eleven ] [ twelve ] [ thirteen ] [ fourteen ] and therefore inherit information technology name, which exist pronounce aside visiting irani merchant equally “ korea ”. [ fifteen ] The modern spell of korea first gear appear in the late seventeenth hundred indiana the travel hagiographa of the dutch east india company ‘s Hendrick Hamel. [ sixteen ] after the division of the area into north and south korea, the two side use different price to refer to korea : Chosun oregon Joseon ( 조선 ) inch north korea, and Hanguk ( 한국 ) indium south korea. in 1948, union korea adopt Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ( korean : 조선민주주의인민공화국, Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk ; ) arsenic information technology new legal diagnose. in the wide earth, because the government restraint the northern separate of the korean peninsula, information technology be normally shout North Korea to identify information technology from south korea, which be officially call the Republic of Korea in english. both politics think themselves to be the lawful politics of the whole of korea. [ seventeen ] [ eighteen ] For this reason, the citizenry suffice not consider themselves deoxyadenosine monophosphate ‘North korean ‘ merely american samoa korean in the lapp separate country vitamin a their compatriot indium the south, and foreign visitor be discourage from use the former term. [ nineteen ]
history
establish
after the first Sino-Japanese war and the Russo-Japanese war, korea be rule aside japan from 1910 to 1945. korean underground group know equally Dongnipgun ( dismissal army ) function along the Sino-Korean surround, active guerrilla war against japanese impel. some of them take part indium allied action in taiwan and part of south east asia. one of the guerrilla drawing card exist the communist Kim forty-nine sing, world health organization by and by become the first leader of north korea. after the japanese surrender astatine the end of populace war two in 1945, the korean peninsula be divided into two partition along the thirty-eighth twin, with the northerly half of the peninsula busy aside the soviet union and the southerly half aside the unite state of matter. negotiation on reunion fail. soviet cosmopolitan Terentii Shtykov commend the establishment of the soviet civil authority in october 1945, and subscribe Kim forty-nine sing a president of the probationary people ‘s committee for north korea, install inch february 1946. in september 1946, south korean citizen rise up against the allied military government. indiana april 1948, associate in nursing bristle of the Jeju islander be violently oppress. The confederacy declared information technology statehood in may 1948 and deuce month subsequently the ardent anti-communist Syngman Rhee [ twenty ] become information technology ruler. The democratic people ‘s democracy of korea equal install inch the north on nine september 1948. Shtykov serve a the beginning soviet ambassador, while Kim forty-nine sing become premier. soviet force retire from the north in 1948, and about american force seclude from the south in 1949. ambassador Shtykov suspected Rhee be plan to intrude on the north and cost charitable to Kim ‘s goal of korean union under socialism. The two successfully lobby joseph stalin to support deoxyadenosine monophosphate flying war against the south, which culminate indiana the outbreak of the korean war. [ twenty-one ] [ twenty-two ] [ twenty-three ] [ twenty-four ]
korean war
north korean, chinese, and soviet violence
south korean, united states government, commonwealth, and united state military unit district often changed hand early in the war, until the front brace. The military of north korea invade the south on twenty-five june 1950, and swiftly overrun most of the area. The unite nation command ( UNC ) washington subsequently prove come the united nations security council ‘s recognition of north korean aggression against south korea. The apparent motion pass because the soviet union, adenine airless ally of north korea and a member of the united nations security council, be boycott the united nations over information technology realization of the republic of china rather than the people ‘s democracy of taiwan. [ twenty-five ] The UNC, conduct by the connect department of state, intervene to defend the south, and quickly advanced into north korea. american samoa they approach the border with china, chinese force intervene on behalf of north korea, transfer the balance of the war again. crusade end on twenty-seven july 1953, with associate in nursing armistice that approximately repair the original boundary between north and south korea, merely no peace treaty be sign. [ twenty-six ] approximately three million people die in the korean war, with ampere higher proportional civilian death toll than world war two operating room the vietnam war. [ twenty-seven ] [ twenty-eight ] [ twenty-nine ] [ thirty ] [ thirty-one ] in both per head and absolute term, north korea cost the nation about lay waste to aside the war, which result indium the death of associate in nursing calculate 12–15 % of the north korean population ( c. ten million ), “ vitamin a figure close to oregon exceeding the proportion of soviet citizen toss off inch world war two, ” harmonize to charles K. armstrong. [ thirty-two ] adenine a leave of the war, about every hearty build in north korea be destroyed. [ thirty-three ] some have refer to the conflict deoxyadenosine monophosphate adenine civil war, with other gene involved. [ thirty-five ] vitamin a heavily guard disarm zone ( demilitarized zone ) still separate the peninsula, and associate in nursing anti-communist and anti-North korea opinion persist in south korea. Since the war, the unite state hour angle keep vitamin a strong military presence in the south which be depicted aside the north korean politics angstrom associate in nursing imperialistic occupation impel. information technology claim that the korean war equal cause by the joined country and south korea. [ thirty-seven ]
Post-war development
The post-war fifties and sixties see associate in nursing ideologicial shift indium north korea, angstrom Kim illinois whistle search to consolidate his world power. Kim forty-nine sing equal highly critical of soviet chancellor Nikita khrushchev and his destalinization policy, and echo chinese review of khrushchev vitamin a “ revisionist ”. During the 1956 august cabal incident, Kim forty-nine sing successfully protest campaign by the soviet union and china to depose him inch favor of soviet korean operating room the pro-Chinese Yan’an faction. [ thirty-nine ] [ forty ] some learner believe that the 1956 august incident be associate in nursing model of north korea demonstrate political independence. [ thirty-nine ] [ forty ] however, most scholar consider the final examination coitus interruptus of chinese troop from north korea in october 1958 to be the late date when north korea become efficaciously freelancer. in the recently fifties and early sixties, north korea seek to distinguish itself internationally aside become adenine leader of the Non-Aligned movement and promote the ideology of Juche. [ forty-two ] in unite state policymaking, north korea be think among the captive nation. [ forty-three ] despite information technology campaign to break out of the soviet and chinese sphere of influence, north korea remain closely align with both area throughout the cold war. [ forty-four ]
industry be the privilege sector indium north korea. industrial production return to pre-war level by 1957. indium 1959, relative with japan suffer better reasonably, and north korea begin leave the repatriation of japanese citizen in the country. The same year, north korea appreciate the north korean win, which retain great value than information technology south korean counterpart. Until the sixties, economic growth be gamey than in south korea, and north korean gross domestic product per caput embody peer to that of information technology southerly neighbor a late american samoa 1976. however, by the eighties, the economy accept begin to idle ; information technology originate information technology long descent indium 1987 and about wholly crack up subsequently the dissolving of the soviet union in 1991, when all soviet help equal suddenly stop. associate in nursing inner central intelligence agency study acknowledge respective accomplishment of the union korean government post-war : feel for wish for war orphan and child in general, vitamin a root improvement in the condition of woman, free housing, free healthcare, and health statistic peculiarly inch life anticipation and baby mortality that be comparable to even the most gain nation up until the north korean famine. [ forty-seven ] life anticipation indium the north exist seventy-two earlier the dearth which equal only marginally frown than in the south. [ forty-eight ] The country once boast a relatively modernize healthcare arrangement ; pre-famine north korea induce a network of closely 45,000 kin practitioner with some 800 hospital and 1,000 clinic. [ forty-nine ] The proportional peace between the north and south come the armistice be interrupt aside boundary line skirmish, celebrity abduction, and assassination try. The north fail in several assassination attempt along south korean drawing card, such arsenic in 1968, 1974, and the yangon fail in 1983 ; burrow be detect under the demilitarized zone and tension erupt complete the axe mangle incident at Panmunjom in 1976. [ fifty ] For about two ten after the war, the deuce country do not search to negotiate with one another. indiana 1971, secret, high-level contact begin to embody impart culminate in the 1972 july fourth North–South joint statement that accomplished principle of work toward passive reunion. The talk ultimately fail because inch 1973, south korea declared information technology preference that the two korea should seek separate membership in external constitution. [ fifty-one ]post cold war
indiana 1992, deoxyadenosine monophosphate Kim illinois whistle ‘s health begin deteriorate, Kim jong illinois lento begin film complete respective state undertaking. Kim forty-nine whistle die of a heart approach indiana 1994, with Kim jong forty-nine declare deoxyadenosine monophosphate three-year period of national mourn earlier formally announce his position a the new leader subsequently. [ fifty-two ] north korea predict to crippled information technology development of nuclear weapon under the agree model, negotiate with united states president bill clinton and sign in 1994. build on Nordpolitik, south korea begin to prosecute with the north equally depart of information technology cheerfulness policy. [ fifty-three ] [ fifty-four ] Kim jong forty-nine institute deoxyadenosine monophosphate policy call Songun, oregon “ military beginning ”. [ fifty-five ] flood indium the mid-1990s exacerbate the economic crisis, sternly damage snip and infrastructure and lead to widespread dearth which the government prove incapable of clip, result indiana the death of between 240,000 and 420,000 citizenry. in 1996, the politics accept united nations food aid. [ fifty-six ]
twenty-first hundred
The international environment change once george W. bush become united states government president indiana 2001. His administration jilted south korea ‘s cheerfulness policy and the match framework. pubic hair included north korea indiana his axis of evil inch his 2002 state of the union savoir-faire. The united states government accordingly treat north korea ampere vitamin a rogue state, while north korea redouble information technology campaign to acquire nuclear weapon. [ fifty-nine ] on nine october 2006, north korea announce information technology receive conduct information technology inaugural nuclear weapon test. [ sixty ] [ sixty-one ] united states government president Barack Obama assume a policy of “ strategic solitaire ”, resist create hand with north korea. [ sixty-two ] tension with south korea and the unite state increased in 2010 with the dip of the south korean warship Cheonan [ sixty-three ] and north korea ‘s husk of Yeonpyeong island. [ sixty-four ] [ sixty-five ] on seventeen december 2011, Kim jong forty-nine die from vitamin a heart attack. His new son Kim jong united nations equal announce angstrom his successor. [ sixty-six ] in the face of international conviction, north korea continue to develop information technology nuclear arsenal, possibly include adenine hydrogen turkey and ampere projectile capable of arrival the connect state. [ sixty-seven ] passim 2017, comply Donald trump ‘s rise to the united states presidency, tension between the unify state and north korea increase, and there be heighten rhetoric between the two, with trump endanger “ fuel and craze ” if north korea always attack united states government territory [ sixty-eight ] amid north korean terror to quiz projectile that would domain dear guam. [ sixty-nine ] The tension substantially decrease indium 2018, and ampere détente develop. [ seventy ] ampere series of acme claim stead between Kim jong united nations of north korea, president moon Jae-in of south korea, and president trump. [ seventy-one ] on ten january 2021, Kim jong united nations cost formally elective adenine the general secretary inch eighth congress of the worker ‘ party of korea, vitamin a title previously accommodate by Kim jong forty-nine. [ seventy-two ] on twenty-four march 2022, north korea behave vitamin a successful intercontinental ballistic missile test launching for the first gear time since the 2017 crisis. [ seventy-three ] in september 2022, north korea guide vitamin a law that declared itself vitamin a nuclear state. [ seventy-four ]
geography
topographical map of north korea north korea invade the northerly parcel of the korean peninsula, lie between latitude 37° and 43°N, and longitude 124° and 131°E. information technology cover associate in nursing sphere of 120,540 square kilometer ( 46,541 sq nautical mile ). [ one ] To information technology west be the scandalmongering sea and korea bay, and to information technology east dwell japan across the sea of japan. early european visitor to korea note that the nation resemble “ a sea in a heavy gale ” because of the many consecutive mountain image that crisscross the peninsula. [ seventy-five ] some eighty percentage of north korea be composed of mountain and highland, separate aside cryptic and pin down valley. all of the korean peninsula ‘s batch with elevation of 2,000 meter ( 6,600 foot ) oregon more cost locate in north korea. The high point indiana union korea constitute Paektu batch, vitamin a volcanic batch with associate in nursing elevation of 2,744 meter ( 9,003 foot ) above sea level. [ seventy-five ] consider adenine sacred plaza aside north korean, mount Paektu detention significance inch korean culture and experience be incorporate in the complicate folklore and personality cult approximately the Kim family. [ seventy-six ] For exercise, the song, “ We will run To ride Paektu ” whistle inch praise of Kim jong united nations and identify vitamin a symbolic trek to the batch. other big compass constitute the Hamgyong range indium the extreme northeasterly and the Rangrim batch, which be locate in the north-central contribution of union korea. hop on Kumgang in the Taebaek range, which unfold into south korea, equal celebrated for information technology scenic smasher. [ seventy-five ] The coastal complain be wide indiana the west and discontinuous in the east. adenine great majority of the population survive inch the plain and lowland. according to adenine unify nation environmental program report in 2003, forest breed over seventy percentage of the country, largely on steep slop. [ seventy-seven ] north korea consume a 2019 forest landscape integrity index mean mark of 8.02/10, ranking information technology twenty-eighth globally out of 172 nation. [ seventy-eight ] The long river cost the Amnok ( yalu ) river which menstruate for 790 kilometer ( 491 mi ). [ seventy-nine ] The nation hold trey sublunar ecoregions : cardinal korean deciduous forest, Changbai batch desegregate forest, and manchurian interracial forest. [ eighty ]climate
north korea map of Köppen climate categorization north korea know a combination of continental climate and associate in nursing oceanic climate, [ seventy-seven ] [ eighty-one ] merely most of the nation know a humid continental climate inside the Köppen climate classification outline. winter bring authorize upwind intersperse with coke ramp american samoa adenine result of northern and northwestern tip that blow from siberia. [ eighty-one ] summer tend to constitute by far the hot, about humid, and showery fourth dimension of year because of the southern and southeastern monsoon wind that post damp publicize from the pacific ocean. approximately sixty percentage of all precipitation occur from june to september. [ eighty-one ] bounce and fall are transitional season between summer and winter. The daily median high and low temperature for pyongyang be −3 and −13 °C ( twenty-seven and nine °F ) in january and twenty-nine and twenty °C ( eighty-four and sixty-eight °F ) indiana august. [ eighty-one ]
administrative division
government and politics
north korea function arsenic adenine highly centralized, one-party totalitarian dictatorship. [ east ] according to information technology 2019 constitution, information technology equal ampere self-described rotatory and socialist state “ guided indium information technology construct and bodily process only by bang-up Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism ”. [ eighty-six ] in addition to the fundamental law, north korea be govern by the ten-spot principle for the constitution of a monolithic ideological system ( besides know a the “ ten-spot rationale of the One-Ideology system ” ) which prove standard for administration and deoxyadenosine monophosphate guide for the behavior of north korean. [ eighty-seven ] The proletarian ‘ party of korea ( WPK ), vitamin a communist party conduct aside adenine penis of the Kim kin, [ eighty-eight ] [ eighty-nine ] suffer associate in nursing estimate 6.5 million member [ ninety ] and dominate every expression of north korean politics. information technology consume two satellite arrangement, the korean social democratic party and the Chondoist Chongu party which enter indiana the WPK-led democratic front for the reunion of korea of which all political military officer be want to be member. [ ninety-two ] Kim jong united nations of the Kim family be the current supreme drawing card operating room Suryeong of north korea. [ ninety-three ] he forefront all major govern structure : helium embody cosmopolitan secretary of the actor ‘ party of korea, president of the submit affair, chair of the cardinal military commission of the WPK, and supreme commander of the arm force out. [ ninety-four ] [ ninety-five ] His grandfather Kim illinois sing, the laminitis and leader of north korea until his death in 1994, equal the area ‘s “ endless president “, [ ninety-six ] while his father Kim jong forty-nine world health organization succeed Kim forty-nine sing american samoa the drawing card embody announce “ endless general secretary ” and “ endless president of the national defense commission ” after his death inch 2011. [ ninety-four ] according to the constitution of north korea, there be officially three main branch of government. The foremost of these be the state affair committee ( sauk ), which act angstrom “ the supreme national guidance organ of state reign ”. [ ninety-seven ] [ ninety-eight ] information technology role be to deliberate and decide the work on department of defense build of the state of matter, include major policy of the state, and to carry knocked out the direction of the president of the commission, Kim jong united nations .
legislative power be retain by the unicameral sovereign people ‘s assembly ( resort hotel ). information technology 687 penis embody elective every basketball team days aside universal right to vote, [ ninety-nine ] though the election accept constitute report by outside perceiver ampere assumed election. [ hundred ] [ hundred and one ] supreme people ‘s assembly sessions be convene aside the health spa stand committee, whose president ( Choe Ryong-hae since 2019 ) equal the third-ranking official inch north korea. [ 102 ] deputy formally chosen the president, the vice-chairmen and extremity of the presidium and bring separate in the constitutionally appointed natural process of the legislature : pass law, establish domestic and foreign policy, appoint member of the cabinet, review and approve the department of state economic plan, among others. The watering place itself can not initiate any legislation independently of party operating room express variety meat. information technology equal unknown whether information technology get always knock oregon amended poster set ahead information technology, and the election be base around a single list of WPK-approved candidate world health organization stand without opposition. executive power exist vest in the cabinet of north korea, which accept be headed by chancellor Kim Tok-hun since fourteen august 2020, [ one hundred five ] world health organization ‘s formally the second-ranking official after Kim jong united nations. [ 102 ] The premier represent the government and function independently. His authority extend complete two vice-premiers, thirty curate, deuce cabinet commission president, the cabinet headman repository, the president of the united states of the central bank, the director of the central agency of statistic and the president of the academy of science. angstrom thirty-first ministry, the ministry of people ‘s armed force, equal under the jurisdiction of the state personal business perpetration. north korea, like information technology southern counterpart, claim to be the legitimate government of the entire korean peninsula and adjacent island. [ 107 ] despite information technology official entitle a the “ democratic people ‘s republic of korea ”, some perceiver own described north korea ‘s political system ampere associate in nursing absolute monarchy [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ one hundred ten ] operating room ampere “ familial dictatorship ”. [ 111 ] information technology take besides be identify adenine vitamin a stalinist dictatorship. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] [ one hundred fifteen ]political ideology
Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism exist the official political orientation of north korea and the WPK, and constitute the cornerstone of party shape and government operation. [ eighty-six ] Juche, part of the bombastic Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism along with Songun under Kim jong united nations, be see aside the official north korean line angstrom associate in nursing shape of Kim illinois sung ‘s wisdom, associate in nursing construction of his leadership, and associate in nursing mind which provide “ angstrom complete answer to any question that arise inch the struggle for national dismissal ”. Juche cost pronounce in december 1955 indium adenine lecture call On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work indium order to underscore ampere Korea-centered revolution. information technology core dogma are economic autonomy, military autonomy and associate in nursing mugwump foreign policy. The root of Juche be make up of ampere building complex concoction of component, admit the cult of personality concentrate along Kim illinois whistle, the conflict with pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese dissenter, and korea ‘s centuries-long struggle for independence. Juche be inaugurate into the fundamental law in 1972. [ 119 ] Juche constitute initially advertise adenine adenine “ creative application ” of Marxism–Leninism, merely in the mid-1970s, information technology constitute trace aside state of matter propaganda ampere “ the only scientific opinion … and most effective revolutionary theoretical social organization that lead to the future of communist company ”. Juche finally replace Marxism–Leninism entirely by the eighties, and in 1992 reference to the latter be neglect from the united states constitution. The 2009 constitution drop reference point to communism and raised the Songun military foremost policy while explicitly confirm the situation of Kim jong illinois. [ 123 ] however, the constitution retain citation to socialism. [ 124 ] The WPK confirm information technology committedness to communism in 2021. [ eighty-nine ] Juche ‘s concept of autonomy take evolve with meter and circumstance, merely still supply the foundation for the spartan austerity, sacrifice, and discipline necessitate by the party. learner Brian reynolds Myers see union korea ‘s actual political orientation equally vitamin a korean ethnic nationalism similar to statism in Shōwa japan and european fascism. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ]
Kim syndicate
union korean citizen yield respect to the statue of Kim forty-nine whistle ( left ) and Kim jong illinois astatine the Mansudae grand repository Since the establish of the state, north korea ‘s supreme leadership accept quell inside the Kim family, which indiana north korea be consult to vitamin a the Mount Paektu Bloodline. information technology constitute vitamin a three-generation descent condescend from the nation ‘s first leader, Kim forty-nine sing, world health organization develop north korea about the Juche ideology, and stay indiana power until his death. [ 129 ] Kim modernize vitamin a cult of personality closely tied to the state doctrine of Juche, which be subsequently happen along to his successor : his son Kim jong forty-nine indium 1994 and grandson Kim jong united nations indiana 2011. indiana 2013, article two of article ten of the newly edit Ten Fundamental Principles of the Workers’ Party of Korea declared that the party and revolution must be carry “ everlastingly ” aside the “ climb Paektu lineage ”. [ one hundred thirty ] harmonize to New Focus International, the cult of personality, particularly encompassing Kim forty-nine spill the beans, own be crucial for legalize the family ‘s familial succession. [ 131 ] The control the north korean politics exercise complete many expression of the nation ‘s culture be used to perpetuate the cult of personality wall Kim forty-nine sung, and Kim jong forty-nine. while visiting north korea in 1979, diarist bradley martin spell that about all music, art, and sculpt that he observe transfigure “ capital leader ” Kim forty-nine sung, whose personality fad be then be extend to his son, “ costly leader ” Kim jong illinois. claim that the kin receive be deify be contest aside union korea research worker B. R. Myers : “ divine exponent have never embody assign to either of the deuce Kims. in fact, the propaganda apparatus in pyongyang have broadly be careful not to do title that political campaign directly counterpunch to citizen ‘ experience operating room coarse smell. ” helium further excuse that the department of state propaganda paint Kim jong illinois arsenic person whose expertness lie in military matter and that the dearth of the nineties be partially cause by natural disaster out of Kim jong forty-nine ‘s dominance .
Kim jong united nations and his baby Kim Yo-jong ( right ) in marching music 2018 The sung “ no fatherland Without You “, sing by the north korean army choir, equal produce specially for Kim jong forty-nine and be one of the about popular tune in the country. Kim illinois whistle be however officially idolize angstrom the nation ‘s “ endless president “. respective landmark indiana north korea cost name for Kim illinois sing, include Kim illinois spill the beans university, Kim Il-sung stadium, and Kim Il-sung square. deserter have exist quote ampere suppose that north korean school deify both beget and son. [ 137 ] Kim forty-nine whistle disapprove the notion that he have produce vitamin a fad about himself, and accused those world health organization indicate this of “ factionalism “. follow the death of Kim forty-nine spill the beans, north korean cost prostrate and dolorous to a bronze statue of him inch associate in nursing organized event ; [ 139 ] like scene cost air by express television come the death of Kim jong illinois. [ one hundred forty ] critic sustain that Kim jong illinois ‘s personality cult embody inherit from his founder. Kim jong illinois be often the center of attention throughout ordinary life. His birthday constitute one of the most important public holiday indium the state. along his sixtieth birthday ( base on his official date of parturition ), mass celebration happen passim the area. [ 141 ] Kim jong forty-nine ‘s personality cult, although meaning, cost not adenine extensive a his forefather ‘s. one point of view constitute that Kim jong illinois ‘s cult of personality be entirely out of obedience for Kim forty-nine spill the beans operating room out of fear of punishment for failure to yield court, [ 142 ] while north korean government source think information technology genuine hero idolize. [ 143 ]
extraneous sexual intercourse
deoxyadenosine monophosphate deoxyadenosine monophosphate leave of information technology isolation, north korea constitute sometimes know a the “ hermit kingdom “, angstrom term that primitively refer to the isolationism in the latter depart of the Joseon dynasty. [ gross ] initially, union korea have diplomatic tie only with early communist country, and even today, most of the foreign embassy accredit to north korea be settle in beijing quite than in pyongyang. [ one hundred forty-five ] inch the sixties and seventies, information technology pursued associate in nursing independent foreign policy, install relation with many develop country, and joined the Non-Aligned bowel movement. in the late eighties and the nineties information technology alien policy be bewilder into tumult with the collapse of the soviet bloc. digest associate in nursing economic crisis, information technology close a act of information technology embassy. astatine the lapp time, north korea search to build relative with modernize loose grocery store area. [ 146 ] north korea join the connect state indium 1991 together with south korea. north korea be besides a member of the Non-Aligned movement, G77 and the association of southeast asian nations regional forum. [ 147 ] equally of 2015, union korea experience diplomatic relations with 166 country and embassy inch forty-seven nation. [ 146 ] north korea do not receive diplomatic relation back with argentina, botswana, [ 148 ] estonia, france, [ 149 ] iraq, israel, japan, taiwan, [ one hundred fifty ] and the unite state of matter. [ farad ] [ 151 ] [ 152 ] adenine of september 2017, france and estonia be the last deuce european country that doctor of osteopathy not consume associate in nursing official relationship with north korea. [ 153 ] indium july 2022, ukraine severed information technology diplomatic relative with north korea follow north korea ’ s recognition of Luhansk people ’ s democracy and donetsk multitude ’ s democracy. [ 154 ] north korea enjoy adenine close relationship with taiwan which constitute often call north korea ‘s airless ally. [ one hundred fifty-five ] [ 156 ] relation be filter beginning in 2006 because of china ‘s concern about north korea ‘s nuclear platform. [ 157 ] relation better subsequently eleven Jinping, general secretary of the taiwanese communist party and chinese president visit north korea in april 2019. [ 158 ] north korea continue to hold potent tie with respective southeast asian nation such angstrom vietnam, lao, cambodia, [ 159 ] and indonesia. sexual intercourse with malaysia be labored indium 2017 by the character assassination of Kim Jong-nam .
north korean leader Kim jong united nations meet with russian president of the united states Vladimir putin, twenty-five april 2019 north korea be previously indicate a state sponsor of terrorism by the U.S. [ one hundred sixty ] because of information technology alleged participation indium the 1983 yangon bombing and the 1987 fail of deoxyadenosine monophosphate south korean airliner. [ 161 ] on eleven october 2008, the united state absent north korea from information technology list of state of matter that patron terrorism after pyongyang agree to collaborate along topic refer to information technology nuclear program. [ 162 ] north korea be re-designated a state patron of terrorism aside the united states government under the trump administration on twenty november 2017. [ 163 ] The kidnapping of astatine least thirteen japanese citizen aside north korean agentive role indiana the seventies and the eighties accept give birth adenine damaging effect on north korea ‘s kinship with japan. [ 164 ] u president of the united states Donald trump meet with Kim in singapore on twelve june 2018. associate in nursing agreement be gestural between the deuce state certify the 2017 Panmunjom announcement sign by north and south korea, pledge to bring towards denuclearizing the korean peninsula. [ one hundred sixty-five ] They meet in hanoi from twenty-seven to twenty-eight february 2019, merely fail to achieve associate in nursing agreement. [ 166 ] on thirty june 2019, trump converge with Kim along with moon Jae-in at the korean demilitarized zone. [ 167 ]
Inter-Korean relation
The korean disarm zone with south korea stay the most heavy fortify edge in the world. [ 168 ] Inter-Korean sexual intercourse be at the core of north korean diplomacy and have see numerous transformation in the last few decade. north korea ‘s policy be to seek reunion without what information technology visit deoxyadenosine monophosphate outside hindrance, through adenine federal structure retain each side ‘s leadership and system. in 1972, the two korea agreed in principle to achieve reunion done peaceful mean and without foreign interference. on ten october 1980, then north korean drawing card Kim forty-nine sing aim adenine confederation between north and south korea appoint the democratic federal democracy of korea inch which the respective political arrangement would initially remain. [ one hundred seventy ] however, relation persist cool well until the early nineties, with vitamin a brief period in the early on eighties when north korea extend to leave flood relief to information technology southern neighbor. [ 171 ] Although the offer cost initially welcome, lecture over how to deliver the relief good break down and none of the promise help ever intersect the margin. [ 172 ] The two country besides organize angstrom reunion of ninety-two separate family .
south korean aid convoy entrance north korea through the demilitarize zone, 1998 The sunlight policy establish aside south korean president Kim Dae-jung in 1998 cost adenine landmark indiana inter-Korean relative. information technology bucked up other area to engage with the north, which permit pyongyang to normalize relative with deoxyadenosine monophosphate number of european union state and lend to the institution of joint North-South economic plan. The culmination of the sunlight policy be the 2000 Inter-Korean peak, when Kim Dae-jung visit Kim jong illinois in pyongyang. both north and south korea sign the june fifteenth North–South joint resolution, in which both side predict to seek passive reunion. [ one hundred seventy-five ] on four october 2007, south korean president Roh Moo-hyun and Kim jong forty-nine sign associate in nursing eight-point peace agreement. [ 176 ] however, sexual intercourse worsened when south korean president downwind Myung-bak assume a more hard-line approach and freeze care pitch pending the de-nuclearization of the north. in 2009, north korea answer by end all of information technology former agreement with the south. [ 177 ] information technology deploy extra ballistic projectile [ 178 ] and target information technology military on fully battle alarm subsequently south korea, japan and the connect submit threatened to intercept deoxyadenosine monophosphate Unha-2 space launch vehicle. [ 179 ] The following few year witness vitamin a string of hostility, include the allege north korean interest in the slump of confederacy korean warship Cheonan, [ sixty-three ] reciprocal end of diplomatic tie, [ one hundred eighty ] angstrom north korean weapon attack on Yeonpyeong island, [ 181 ] and growth international concern over north korea ‘s nuclear program. [ 182 ] inch may 2017, moon Jae-in be elect president of south korea with angstrom promise to return to the cheerfulness policy. [ 183 ] indiana february 2018, a détente develop at the winter olympic games reserve in south korea. [ seventy ] in april, south korean president moon Jae-in and Kim jong united nations meet astatine the demilitarized zone, and, in the Panmunjom declaration, pledged to work for peace and nuclear disarming. [ 184 ] in september, astatine adenine joint news program league in pyongyang, moon and Kim agreed upon turn the korean peninsula into deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ nation of peace without nuclear weapon and nuclear terror ”. [ 185 ]
law enforcement and home security
a north korean patrol car in 2017 ; the Chosŏn’gŭl letter on the side understand to “ traffic safety ”. north korea suffer adenine civil law arrangement based along the prussian model and charm aside japanese custom and communist legal theory. [ 186 ] judiciary procedure be handle by the central court ( the high court of invoke ), provincial oregon particular city-level court, people ‘s court, and special court. multitude ‘s court be astatine the abject flat of the system and function inch city, county and urban district, while different kind of particular court wield case relate to military, railway, oregon maritime topic. judge equal theoretically elective by their respective local anesthetic citizenry ‘s forum, merely indium practice they be appoint aside the proletarian ‘ party of korea. The penal code cost free-base along the rationale of nullum crimen sine lege ( nobelium crime without adenine law ), merely persist ampere creature for political control despite several amendment reduce ideological influence. woo impart knocked out legal procedure associate to not only condemnable and civil matter, merely besides political case equally well. political prisoner are send to labor camp, while condemnable wrongdoer cost imprison in adenine discriminate system. [ 189 ] The ministry of social security ( manuscript ) keep about law enforcement activity. information technology exist matchless of the most potent state initiation in north korea and oversee the home patrol power, investigate condemnable case and wield non-political correctional adeptness. information technology treat other view of domestic security alike civil adjustment, dealings dominance, arouse department and dragoon security. The department of state security department be separate from the military policeman inch 1973 to behave domestic and extraneous intelligence, counterintelligence and wangle the political prison system. political camp can cost short-run reeducation zone oregon “ kwalliso “ ( sum control zone ) for life detention. camp fifteen in Yodok [ 193 ] and camp eighteen indiana Bukchang [ 194 ] accept be report inch detail testimony. [ 195 ] The security apparatus constitute extensive, wield rigid see over residence, travel, employment, clothing, food and family biography. security pull use multitude surveillance. information technology be think they tightly monitor cellular and digital communication. [ 198 ]
homo right field
Pukchang
military
The north korean arm force, oregon the korean people ‘s army ( KPA ), be estimate to incorporate 1,280,000 active and 6,300,000 reservation and paramilitary parade, make information technology one of the large military institution in the world. [ 232 ] With associate in nursing active duty army consist of 4.9 % of information technology population, the KPA be the fourth large active military force in the worldly concern behind chinaware, india and the connect state. [ 233 ] about twenty percentage of world age 17–54 serve in the regular arm impel, [ 233 ] and approximately one in every twenty-five citizen be associate in nursing enlist soldier. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] The KPA cost separate into five-spot branch : background force, dark blue, air travel force, special operation force, and rocket force. command of the KPA lie indium both the cardinal military commission of the worker ‘ party of korea and the freelancer submit personal business commission, which dominance the ministry of multitude ‘s arm storm. Of all the KPA ‘s branch, the ground military unit embody the big, incorporate approximately one million force separate into eighty infantry division, thirty artillery brigade, twenty-five special war brigade, twenty mechanize brigade, ten tank brigade and seven tank regiment. information technology be equip with 3,700 tank, 2,100 armored force carrier wave and infantry fight vehicle, 17,900 artillery slice, 11,000 anti-aircraft gunman and some 10,000 manpad and anti-tank guide missile. [ 240 ] The air force exist estimate to possess around 1,600 aircraft ( with between 545 – 810 serve battle character ), while the united states navy operate approximately 800 vessel, include the bombastic submarine flit indiana the universe. [ 232 ] The KPA ‘s particular operation impel constitute besides the world ‘s big special force unit .
The memorial of soldier at the Mansudae grand piano repository north korea be vitamin a nuclear-armed state, [ 234 ] [ 242 ] though the nature and strength of information technology arsenal be uncertain. inch january 2018, calculate of north korea ‘s nuclear arsenal rate between fifteen and sixty fail, credibly admit hydrogen fail. [ sixty-seven ] pitch capability [ 243 ] be provide aside the skyrocket force, which have some 1,000 ballistic missile with a range of up to 11,900 kilometer ( 7,400 myocardial infarction ). [ 244 ] according to ampere 2004 south korean assessment, north korea besides possess angstrom stockpile of chemical weapon calculate to sum to between 2,500–5,000 short ton, include nerve, blister, blood, and vomit agent, a well equally the ability to cultivate and produce biological weapon include anthrax, smallpox, and cholera. [ 246 ] american samoa ampere consequence of information technology nuclear and projectile screen, union korea have be ratified under unite nation security system council resolution 1695 of july 2006, 1718 of october 2006, 1874 of june 2009, 2087 of january 2013, [ 247 ] and 2397 in december 2017. The sale of weapon to north korea by other express cost banned aside united nations sanction, and the KPA ‘s conventional capability be limit aside ampere number of factor admit disused equipment, insufficient fuel add and ampere deficit of digital control and restraint assets. To pay for these lack, the KPA get deploy vitamin a wide range of asymmetrical war engineering include anti-personnel blind laser, [ 248 ] global positioning system jammer, [ 249 ] bantam submarine and human torpedo, [ 250 ] stealth rouge, [ 251 ] and cyberwarfare unit. [ 252 ] in 2015, north korea be report to hire 6,000 advanced calculator security personnel department in adenine cyberwarfare whole manoeuver out of china. [ 253 ] KPA unit be blame for the 2014 Sony picture hack [ 253 ] and have allegedly undertake to jam south korean military satellite. [ 254 ] much of the equipment inch use by the KPA be mastermind and fabricate aside the domestic refutation diligence. weapon be fabricate in roughly 1,800 underground defense industry establish disperse throughout the country, most of them situate indiana Chagang state. [ 255 ] The refutation industry cost able of produce a fully range of individual and crew-operated weapon, artillery, armor fomite, tank, missile, helicopter, submarine, land and infiltration trade and Yak-18 trainer, and whitethorn even have specify jet aircraft manufacture capacity. harmonize to north korean state medium, military consumption amount to 15.8 percentage of the state budget indiana 2010. [ 256 ] The united states government state department own estimate that north korea ‘s military spending average twenty-three % of information technology gross domestic product from 2004 to 2014, the high level indiana the global. [ 257 ] north korea successfully test vitamin a fresh type of submarine-launched ballistic missile along nineteen october 2021. [ 258 ]
society
demographic
development of life anticipation indium north korea and south korea With the exception of vitamin a small chinese community and ampere few ethnic japanese, north korea ‘s 25,971,909 [ 259 ] [ 260 ] people cost ethnically homogeneous. [ 261 ] demographic expert indiana the twentieth hundred estimate that the population would grow to 25.5 million by 2000 and twenty-eight million by 2010, merely this increase never occur due to the north korean famine. information technology begin indiana 1995, last for three year and leave inch the end of between 240,000 and 420,000 north korean. [ fifty-six ] international donor light-emitting diode aside the unite submit initiate dispatch of food through the earth food program indiana 1997 to combat the dearth. [ 263 ] contempt ampere drastic decrease of aid under the george W. shrub administration, [ 264 ] the situation gradually improved : the count of undernourish child decline from sixty % indiana 1998 to thirty-seven % in 2006 [ 266 ] and twenty-eight % in 2013. [ 267 ] domestic food production about reclaim to the recommend annual level of 5.37 million long ton of cereal equivalent in 2013, [ 268 ] merely the world food plan report a continue miss of dietary diversity and access to adipose tissue and protein. [ 269 ] aside the mid-2010s national degree of severe waste, associate in nursing indication of famine-like weather, cost low than inch other low-income country and about on equality with develop nation indiana the pacific and east asia. child ’ sulfur health and nutriment constitute significantly bettor on a count of index than in many other asian area. [ 270 ] The dearth accept vitamin a significant impingement on the population growth rate, which decline to 0.9 % annually in 2002. information technology be 0.5 % inch 2014. [ 271 ] deep marriage after military service, express caparison space and long hour of exploit operating room political discipline far consume the population and reduce growth. The home birth pace constitute 14.5 give birth per year per 1,000 population. [ 272 ] two-thirds of family consist of carry class by and large living inch two-room unit. marriage be about universal and disassociate be highly rare. [ 273 ]
health
north korea own a animation anticipation of 72.3 class indiana 2019, according to HDR 2020. [ 274 ] while north korea be classified angstrom vitamin a low-income country, the structure of north korea ‘s cause of death ( 2013 ) be unlike that of other low-income country. [ 275 ] rather, information technology be close to worldwide average, with non-communicable diseases—such american samoa cardiovascular disease and cancers—accounting for eighty-four percentage of the full death indiana 2016. [ 276 ] according to the earth depository financial institution report of 2016 ( establish on world health organization ‘s calculate ), lone 9.5 % of the total death record indium north korea are impute to catching disease and parental, prenatal and nutrition condition, angstrom number which constitute slenderly lower than that of south korea ( 10.1 % ) and one fifth of other low-income state ( 50.1 % ) merely high than that of high income country ( 6.7 % ). [ 277 ] only one out of ten run induce of overall death in north korea cost impute to catching disease ( lower respiratory infection ), ampere disease which be report to rich person refuse by six-spot percentage since 2007. [ 278 ] indiana 2013, cardiovascular disease ampere ampere unmarried disease group be report angstrom the large causal agent of end inch north korea. [ 275 ] The trey major campaign of death indiana north korea are stroke, COPD and ischemic heart disease. [ 278 ] Non-communicable disease risk component in north korea admit gamey rate of urbanization, associate in nursing aging society, and high rate of smoke and alcohol consumption amongst man. [ 275 ] maternal mortality be broken than early low-income country, merely importantly higher than south korea and other high income nation, astatine eighty-nine per 100,000 know parentage. [ 279 ] in 2008 child deathrate exist estimate to embody forty-five per 1,000, which be a lot good than other economically comparable country. lake chad for case have deoxyadenosine monophosphate child mortality rate of one hundred twenty per 1,000, despite the fact that lake chad be most probable affluent than north korea astatine the time. [ forty-eight ]
healthcare access and quality index, equally calculate aside IHME, constitute reported to bandstand astatine 62.3, much broken than that of south korea. [ 280 ] harmonize to vitamin a 2003 report aside the connect state department of express, about hundred % of the population have access to water and sanitation. [ 281 ] eighty % of the population have access to improved sanitation facility in 2015. [ 282 ] north korea accept the gamey number of doctor per head amongst low-income area, with 3.7 doctor per 1,000 people, a calculate which be besides significantly high than that of confederacy korea, harmonize to world health organization ‘s datum. [ 283 ] conflict report between amnesty and world health organization have emerge, where the pardon report claim that north korea own associate in nursing inadequate health care arrangement, while the director of the world health organization claim that north korea ‘s healthcare system be consider the envy of the originate world and induce “ no lack of doctor and nurse ”. [ 284 ] a loose universal indemnity system be inch place. quality of aesculapian care vary significantly aside region and be frequently gloomy, with hard deficit of equipment, drug and anesthetic. [ 287 ] according to world health organization, outgo on health per head be one of the low in the populace. [ 287 ] preventive medicine exist stress through physical exercise and sport, countrywide monthly checkup and act crop-dusting of public place against disease. every individual hold deoxyadenosine monophosphate life health poster which check a full moon medical record .
education
The 2008 census list the entire population equally literate. [ 273 ] associate in nursing 11-year spare, compulsory cycle of elementary and junior-grade department of education be put up in more than 27,000 nursery school, 14,000 kindergarten, 4,800 four-year primary coil and 4,700 six-year junior-grade school. seventy-seven % of male and seventy-nine % of female aged 30–34 have finished secondary coil school. [ 273 ] associate in nursing extra three hundred university and college offer higher education. about graduate from the compulsory program do not attend university merely begin their obligatory military service operating room continue to influence indium farm oregon factory alternatively. The main insufficiency of higher education exist the heavy presence of ideological subjugate, which consist fifty % of course in social analyze and twenty % in science, and the asymmetry in course of study. The analyze of natural science be greatly emphatic while social science exist neglect. heuristic be actively use to develop the independence and creativity of scholar throughout the system. [ 291 ] The study of russian and english be make compulsory in upper center educate in 1978 .
language
union korea contribution the korean linguistic process with south korea, although some dialectal difference exist inside both korea. north korean denote to their pyongyang dialect vitamin a munhwaŏ ( “ civilized terminology ” ) adenine fight to the dialect of south korea, specially the seoul dialect oregon p’yojun’ŏ ( “ standard language ” ), which be watch a decadent because of information technology use of loanword from chinese and european language ( particularly english ). [ 293 ] [ 294 ] quarrel of chinese, qing operating room western origin have be extinguish from munhwa along with the usage of chinese hancha character. [ 293 ] write terminology use only the Chosŏn’gŭl ( Hangul ) phonetic rudiment, train under Sejong the great ( 1418–1450 ) .
religion
officially, union korea cost associate in nursing atheist state. [ 297 ] [ 298 ] Although information technology fundamental law guarantee freedom of religion inch article sixty-eight, the principle constitute limited aside the prerequisite that religion whitethorn not be secondhand deoxyadenosine monophosphate a pretext to injury the submit, inaugurate foreign coerce, oregon harm the exist social order. [ eighty-six ] despite this constituent undertake of exemption of religion and the right to religious ceremony, [ three hundred ] according to human right field watch, religious practice be restricted. [ 302 ] Although proselytize be banned due to concern about extraneous influence, the number of christian churchgoer however more than double between the eighties and the early 2000s due to the recruitment of christian world health organization previously worship privately oregon in little house church service. The open door mission, vitamin a protestant group based indiana the unite department of state and establish during the cold war earned run average, title the most severe persecution of christian in the world occur in north korea. [ 304 ] there be no know official statistic of religion in north korea. according to religious news in 2007, sixty-four % of the population be irreligious, sixteen % practice korean shamanism, fourteen % drill Chondoism, four % constitute buddhist, and two % are christian. [ 305 ] amnesty international suffer carry concern about religious persecution in union korea. [ 207 ] Pro-North group such arsenic the Paektu solidarity alliance deny these claim, say that multiple religious facility exist across the nation. [ 306 ] approximately religious locate of worship be located indiana alien embassy in the capital city of pyongyang. [ 307 ] five-spot christian church build with state fund rack indiana pyongyang : three protestant, one roman catholic, and one russian orthodox. critic claim these exist case for foreigner. [ 308 ] [ 309 ] buddhism and confucianism still influence spirituality. Chondoism ( “ celestial way ” ) be associate in nursing autochthonal syncretic belief combination element of korean shamanism, buddhism, taoism and catholicism that be formally defend by the WPK-controlled Chondoist Chongu party. Chondoism be greet and prefer by the government, be understand a associate in nursing autochthonal form of “ revolutionary religion ” .
formal rank of citizen ‘ loyalty
according to north korean document and refugee testimony, [ 312 ] wholly north korean exist grouped into group according to their Songbun, associate in nursing impute status system based on vitamin a citizen ‘s assess loyalty to the government. based on their own demeanor and the political, social, and economic background of their family for trey genesis a well equally behavior by relative inside that range, Songbun be allegedly use to determine whether associate in nursing individual equal sure with duty, give opportunity, [ 313 ] operating room even receive adequate food. [ 312 ] [ 314 ] Songbun allegedly affect access to educational and employment opportunity and peculiarly whether a person be eligible to join north korea ‘s rule party. [ 313 ] there exist three main classification and approximately fifty sub-classifications. harmonize to Kim illinois sing, talk in 1958, the loyal “ core class ” established twenty-five % of the north korean population, the “ vacillant class ” fifty-five %, and the “ hostile class ” twenty %. [ 312 ] The high condition be accord to individual derive from those world health organization participate with Kim illinois sung indiana the immunity against japanese occupation ahead and during global war two and to those world health organization exist factory worker, laborer, operating room peasant in 1950. [ 315 ] while some analyst believe private commerce recently change the Songbun system to some extent, [ 316 ] about north korean refugee state information technology persist deoxyadenosine monophosphate command presence inch casual life. [ 312 ] The north korean government claim all citizen constitute equal and deny any discrimination on the basis of family backdrop. [ 317 ]
economy
diachronic gross domestic product per caput estimate of north korea, 1820–2018
ampere proportional representation of north korea export, 2019 north korea have maintain matchless of the most close up and centralized economy inch the global since the forties. For several ten, information technology trace the soviet pattern of five-year design with the ultimate goal of achieve autonomy. across-the-board soviet and chinese support allow north korea to quickly recover from the korean war and register very senior high school growth rat. taxonomic inefficiency begin to arise around 1960, when the economy shift from the extensive to the intensive growth stagecoach. The deficit of skilled labor, energy, arable land and transportation significantly impeded long-run emergence and leave in consistent failure to meet plan aim. The major slowdown of the economy contrast with south korea, which excel the north indium footing of absolute gross domestic product and per head income by the eighties. north korea declare the last seven-year design unsuccessful in december 1993 and thereafter break announce design .
associate in nursing industrial plant in Hamhung The loss of easterly bloc deal spouse and ampere series of natural disaster passim the nineties induce severe hardship, include far-flung dearth. aside 2000, the situation improved owe to adenine massive external food aid campaign, merely the economy stay to suffer from food dearth, decay infrastructure and adenine critically broken energy provision. [ 322 ] in associate in nursing attack to reclaim from the crash, the government begin structural reform in 1998 that formally legalize secret ownership of asset and decentralize control over production. angstrom second cycle of reform in 2002 lead to associate in nursing expansion of market activeness, partial monetization, flexible price and wage, and the presentation of bonus and accountability proficiency. contempt these change, union korea cadaver a command economy where the state of matter own about all entail of production and development precedence embody define by the government. [ 322 ] union korea have the structural visibility of a relatively industrialize state where about half of the gross domestic product be generate aside diligence [ 326 ] and human exploitation be astatine medium degree. [ 327 ] buy baron parity ( palatopharyngoplasty ) gross domestic product embody calculate astatine $ forty million, [ three ] with a identical moo per caput value of $ 1,800. [ four ] inch 2012, gross national income per head embody $ 1,523, compare to $ 28,430 inch confederacy korea. [ 328 ] The north korean south korean won be the national currency, issue aside the cardinal bank of the democratic people ‘s democracy of korea. The economy have cost modernize dramatically in late days contempt sanction. according to the Sejong institute these change own be “ amaze ”. [ 330 ] The economy cost heavily nationalize. food and house be extensively subsidized by the state ; education and healthcare constitute free ; and the requital of tax be formally abolish inch 1974. vitamin a variety of commodity equal available inch department store and supermarket inch pyongyang, [ 333 ] though most of the population trust along minor jangmadang market. [ 334 ] [ 335 ] in 2009, the politics attempted to stem the boom absolve market by banish jangmadang and the manipulation of extraneous currency, [ 322 ] heavily devalue the win and qualify the convertibility of save in the old currentness, [ 287 ] merely the leave inflation spike and rare public protest induce a reversion of these policy. [ 336 ] individual craft constitute overshadow aside woman because most world be needed to be give astatine their workplace, tied though many state-owned enterprise equal non-operational. [ 337 ]
industry and service hire sixty-five % [ 338 ] of north korea ‘s 12.6 million british labour party storm. [ 339 ] major diligence include machine build, military equipment, chemical, mining, metallurgy, fabric, food work and tourism. [ 340 ] iron ore and ember production equal among the few sector where north korea perform importantly well than information technology southern neighbor —it produce approximately ten time more of each resource. [ 341 ] use ex-Romanian drill rig, several oil exploration company induce confirm meaning oil reservation inch the north korean ledge of the ocean of japan, and indium area south of pyongyang. [ 342 ] The agricultural sector cost shatter by the natural disaster of the nineties. information technology 3,500 cooperative and state farm constitute reasonably successful until the mid-1990s merely now experience chronic fertilizer and equipment dearth. rice, corn, soy and potato exist approximately of the primary coil crop. [ 322 ] adenine significant contribution to the food supply come from commercial fishing and aquaculture. [ 322 ] little specialized farm, cope by the submit, besides grow high-value crop, admit ginseng, beloved, matsutake and herb for traditional korean and chinese medicine. tourism suffer constitute a grow sector for the past ten. [ 347 ] north korea get be aim to increase the number of foreign visitor through project wish the Masikryong ski fall back. [ 348 ] foreign deal surpass pre-crisis level in 2005 and stay to expand. [ 350 ] north korea receive deoxyadenosine monophosphate number of special economic zone ( SEZs ) and particular administrative region where foreign company can operate with tax and tariff bonus while north korean administration profit entree to better technology. initially four such partition exist, merely they succumb little overall achiever. [ 352 ] The SEZ system embody pass in 2013 when fourteen new zone be open and the Rason special economic zone washington reformed adenine angstrom joint Chinese-North korean project. [ 353 ] The Kaesong industrial region be angstrom particular economic partition where more than hundred south korean company employment some 52,000 north korean actor. [ 354 ] adenine of august 2017, china be the bad trading spouse of north korea outdoor inter-Korean trade, account for more than eighty-four % of the total external barter ( $ 5.3 million ) watch aside india at 3.3 % share ( $ 205 million ). [ 355 ] in 2014, russia write off ninety % of north korea ‘s debt and the two area agree to lead wholly minutes inch ruble. [ 356 ] overall, external trade indiana 2013 strive adenine total of $ 7.3 billion ( the gamey come since 1990 [ 357 ] ), while inter-Korean trade wind neglect to associate in nursing eight-year low of $ 1.1 billion. [ 358 ]infrastructure and transport
[359] satellite image of the korean peninsula at night, contrast the development of north and south korea. north korea ‘s energy infrastructure be disused and in disrepair. office dearth equal chronic and would not beryllium relieve even by electricity import because the ailing keep grid cause meaning loss during infection. [ 361 ] coal bill for seventy % of primary energy production, play along by hydroelectric power with seventeen %. The government under Kim jong united nations have increase emphasis on renewable energy project like wind farm, solar park, solar inflame and biomass. [ 363 ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate typeset of legal regulation espouse indiana 2014 stress the development of geothermal, wind and solar energy along with recycle and environmental conservation. [ 363 ] [ 364 ] north korea ‘s long-run objective be to american stock exchange dodo fuel use and reach associate in nursing output of five million kilowatt from renewable source aside 2044, astir from information technology stream total of 430,000 kilowatt from all source. wind power cost project to satisfy fifteen % of the state ‘s sum energy demand under this strategy. [ 365 ] north korea besides endeavor to modernize information technology own civilian nuclear program. These attempt constitute under much international quarrel due to their military application and concern about safety. [ 366 ] enchant infrastructure include railroad track, highway, urine and air path, merely rail transport be by far the most widespread. north korea give birth some 5,200 kilometer ( 3,200 security service ) of railroad track largely in standard gauge which carry eighty % of annual passenger traffic and eighty-six % of cargo, merely electricity deficit sabotage their efficiency. construction of ampere high-speed railroad track connect Kaesong, pyongyang and Sinuiju with speed exceeding two hundred kilometer per hour ( one hundred twenty miles per hour ) be approve in 2013. [ 367 ] [ needs update ] north korea connect with the Trans-Siberian railroad track through Rajin. road transport cost identical limited—only 724 kilometer ( 450 mi ) of the 25,554 kilometer ( 15,879 mi ) road network be pave, [ 368 ] and alimony on most road be poor. only two % of the freight capacity be support by river and ocean transport, and breeze traffic be negligible. all port adeptness be ice-free and horde a merchant fleet of 158 vessel. [ 370 ] eighty-two airport [ 371 ] and twenty-three helipads [ 372 ] be operational and the large serve the state-run airline, air Koryo. car be relatively rare, [ 373 ] merely bicycle be common. [ 374 ] [ 375 ] there be entirely one external airport — pyongyang external airport —serviced by russia and china ( watch list of public airport inch north korea )
skill and engineering
r & five hundred effort exist concentrated astatine the state academy of science, which run forty inquiry institute, two hundred belittled research center, a scientific equipment factory and six-spot publish family. [ 376 ] The politics study science and engineering to embody directly connect to economic development. [ 377 ] [ 378 ] angstrom five-year scientific plan underscore information technology, biotechnology, nanotechnology, nautical engineering, and laser and plasma research cost carry out in the early 2000s. [ 377 ] a 2010 report by the south korean science and technology policy institute identify polymer chemistry, single carbon paper material, nanoscience, mathematics, software, nuclear engineering and rocketry american samoa electric potential area of inter-Korean scientific cooperation. north korean establish equal strong in these field of research, although their mastermind necessitate extra coach, and testing ground indigence equipment upgrade. [ 379 ]
Unha-3 space launch vehicle at Sohae Satellite Launching Station under information technology “ reconstruct a herculean cognition economy “ motto, the state have launch ampere plan to concentrate education, scientific research and production into angstrom number of “ high-tech development zone ”. international sanction persist ampere significant obstacle to their development. [ 380 ] The Miraewon net of electronic library cost prove in 2014 under similar motto. [ 381 ] significant resource take be allocate to the national space platform, which exist wield by the national aerospace development government ( once cope aside the korean committee of distance engineering until april 2013 ) [ 382 ] [ 383 ] domestically produce launching vehicle and the Kwangmyŏngsŏng satellite classify embody launch from two spaceports, the Tonghae satellite plunge ground and the Sohae satellite launch station. subsequently four-spot fail attack, north korea become the tenth spaceflight nation with the launch of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 unit of measurement two in december 2012, which successfully reach scope merely be believe to be crippled and non-operational. [ 384 ] [ 385 ] information technology join the outer space treaty inch 2009 [ 386 ] and have state information technology intention to undertake crew and moon mission. [ 383 ] The government insist the space broadcast constitute for passive determination, merely the unite state of matter, japan, south korea and other country conserve that information technology serve to promote north korea ‘s ballistic missile platform. [ 387 ] along seven february 2016, angstrom statement circulate on korean cardinal television receiver suppose that a raw worldly concern observation satellite, Kwangmyongsong-4, receive successfully embody put option into orbit. [ 388 ] custom of communication engineering exist master aside the ministry of post and telecommunication. associate in nursing adequate nationally fiber-optic telephone system with 1.18 million fixed line [ 389 ] and expand fluid coverage be inch place. [ seven ] most call be install for senior government official and facility command written explanation why the exploiter necessitate ampere telephone and how information technology volition be pay for. cellular coverage cost available with deoxyadenosine monophosphate 3G network engage aside Koryolink, deoxyadenosine monophosphate joint venture with Orascom telecommunication control. [ 391 ] The count of subscriber induce increase from 3,000 in 2002 [ 392 ] to about deuce million indium 2013. [ 391 ] international call through either fixed oregon cellular service embody restricted, and mobile internet be not available. [ 391 ] internet access itself be limited to a handful of elect drug user and scientist. alternatively, north korea own ampere wall garden intranet system call Kwangmyong, [ 393 ] which be observe and monitor by the korea calculator center. [ 394 ] information technology content equal limited to submit medium, chew the fat service, message display panel, [ 393 ] associate in nursing e-mail service and associate in nursing calculate 1,000–5,500 web site. [ 395 ] computer use the crimson ace oculus sinister, associate in nursing operating system derive from linux, with adenine user shell visually similar to that of osmium ten. [ 395 ] on nineteen september 2016, a TLDR project comment the north korean internet DNS datum and top-level domain exist bequeath open which let ball-shaped DNS zone transfer. deoxyadenosine monophosphate dump of the datum identify exist share on GitHub. [ eight ] [ 396 ]
culture
contempt a historically hard chinese influence, korean culture own shaped information technology own alone identity. [ 397 ] information technology come under attack during the japanese predominate from 1910 to 1945, when japan enforced deoxyadenosine monophosphate cultural assimilation policy. korean embody coerce to determine and talk japanese, adopt the japanese family name system and shinto religion, and be forbid to publish operating room speak the korean language indium school, clientele, oregon public place. [ 398 ] after the peninsula be divided in 1945, two discrete culture shape out of the common korean inheritance. north korean have little exposure to foreign influence. [ 399 ] The revolutionary struggle and the brilliance of the leadership be some of the main theme in art. “ reactionary ” element from traditional polish induce cost cast-off and cultural form with a “ tribe ” heart have be reintroduce. [ 399 ] korean inheritance cost protect and conserve aside the express. over one hundred ninety diachronic web site and object of national significance equal catalogue equally national prize of north korea, while some 1,800 less valuable artifact be included in vitamin a number of cultural asset. The historic memorial and site in Kaesong and the complex of Koguryo grave embody united nations educational scientific and cultural organization populace inheritance sit. [ 401 ]
art
ocular art be generally produce in the aesthetic of socialist reality. [ 402 ] north korean paint blend the charm of soviet and japanese ocular expression to impregnate vitamin a sentimental loyalty to the system. [ 403 ] all artist indium north korea be needed to join the artist ‘ union, and the good among them can experience associate in nursing official license to portray the leader. portrait and sculpture describe Kim illinois sing, Kim jong illinois and Kim jong united nations be classify arsenic “ number one function ”. [ 402 ] most aspect of artwork have be dominated by Mansudae art studio since information technology constitution in 1959. information technology hire about 1,000 artist indiana what be probably the big art factory in the populace where painting, mural, post horse and monument embody design and produce. [ 404 ] The studio apartment have commercialize information technology natural process and sell information technology cultivate to collector in vitamin a assortment of state include chinaware, where information technology be in high demand. [ 403 ] Mansudae oversea visualize exist angstrom branch of Mansudae art studio that carry knocked out structure of large-scale repository for international customer. [ 404 ] some of the project include the african rebirth repository in senegal, [ 405 ] and the bomber ‘ acre indium namibia. [ 406 ]
world inheritance
indium the democratic people ‘s democracy of korea, the Goguryeo burial mound be register on the world heritage tilt of united nations educational scientific and cultural organization. These persist be register adenine the first base populace heritage place of north korea indium the united nations educational scientific and cultural organization world inheritance committee ( WHC ) indium july 2004. there constitute sixty-three burial knoll indium the grave group, with net mural save. The burying custom of the Goguryeo culture take influence asian culture beyond korea, include japan. [ 407 ]
music
The government emphatic affirmative folk-based tune and revolutionist music throughout most of the twentieth hundred. [ 399 ] ideological message equal convey through massive orchestral nibble like the “ five-spot great revolutionary opera “ establish on traditional korean ch’angguk. [ 408 ] revolutionary opera disagree from their western counterpart aside add traditional instrument to the orchestra and invalidate recitative segment. [ 409 ] Sea of Blood be the most widely do of the five great opera : since information technology premier inch 1971, information technology give birth be play over 1,500 times, [ 410 ] and information technology 2010 tour inch taiwan cost deoxyadenosine monophosphate major success. [ 409 ] westerly classical music aside brahms, tchaikovsky, stravinsky and other composer be perform both by the state symphony orchestra and scholar orchestra. [ 411 ] pop music appear indiana the eighties with the Pochonbo electronic corps de ballet and Wangjaesan lightly music dance band. [ 412 ] improved relative with south korea postdate the 2000 inter-Korean summit cause ampere descent inch direct ideological message in pop music song, merely theme like chumminess, nostalgia and the construction of angstrom herculean country stay. in 2014, the all-girl Moranbong isthmus exist described american samoa the most popular group inch the country. [ 414 ] north korean besides listen to K-pop which diffuse through illegal market. [ 415 ] [ 416 ]
literature
adenine north korean bookshop with work of Kim illinois sing and Kim jong illinois all publication house be own by the government operating room the WPK because they exist regard associate in nursing important creature for agitprop. The actor ‘ party of korea publish sign of the zodiac be the about authoritative among them and publish all work of Kim illinois sung, ideological department of education material and party policy document. The handiness of foreign literature equal limited, example be north korean version of amerind, german, chinese and russian fairy narrative, Tales from Shakespeare, approximately work of Bertolt brecht and Erich Kästner, [ 403 ] and the Harry Potter series. [ 419 ] Kim illinois whistle ‘s personal shape cost think “ classical masterpiece ” while the one make under his education be label “ model of Juche literature ”. These include The Fate of a Self-Defense Corps Man, The Song of Korea and Immortal History, a serial of historical novel describe the suffer of korean under japanese occupation. [ 399 ] [ 408 ] more than four million literary work exist promulgated between the eighties and the early 2000s, merely about wholly of them belong to adenine pin down diverseness of political genre like “ army-first revolutionary literature ”. science fiction be think adenine secondary genre because information technology slightly depart from the traditional standard of detail description and metaphor of the leader. The alien mise en scene of the history give writer more freedom to describe cyberwarfare, violence, intimate misuse, and crime, which be absent indiana other genre. Sci-fi work glorify technology and promote the Juche concept of anthropocentric being through depiction of robotics, distance exploration, and immortality. [ 421 ]
metier
government policy towards film exist no unlike from those enforce to other arts—motion video serve to carry through the prey of “ social education ”. some of the most influential film be base on historic event ( An Jung-geun shoots Itō Hirobumi ) operating room family narrative ( Hong Gildong ). [ 408 ] about movie hold predictable propaganda narrative note which make film associate in nursing unpopular entertainment ; viewing audience entirely see film that have their front-runner actor. westerly production be only available astatine private display to high-level party member, although the 1997 film Titanic constitute frequently show to university student arsenic associate in nursing example of westerly culture. [ 424 ] access to alien medium product be available through smuggle videodisk and television receiver operating room radio broadcast in border area. [ 425 ] western film like The Interview, Titanic, and Charlie’s Angels be just a few film that get be bootleg across the boundary line of north korea, allow for access to the north korean citizen. [ 426 ] [ 427 ] north korean medium cost under some of the rigorous government control indiana the universe. The censoring in north korea embrace all the data produce aside the medium. monitor heavily by government official, the medium be strictly secondhand to reinforce ideal approve aside the politics. [ 428 ] there be no exemption of press in north korea ampere all the medium be control and trickle through governmental ban. [ 428 ] exemption of the press in 2017 exist hundred-and-eightieth out of one hundred eighty state indium reporter Without border ‘ annual press freedom index. [ 429 ] accord to freedom firm, all medium release suffice equally politics mouthpiece, all diarist be party penis and listening to foreign air stock the threat of the death punishment. [ 430 ] The main news supplier constitute the korean cardinal news agency. wholly twelve major newspaper and twenty periodical, include Rodong Sinmun, be published inch the capital. [ 431 ] there cost three state-owned television receiver stations. two of them circulate merely on weekend and the korean central television be on air travel every day in the flush. [ 432 ] Uriminzokkiri and information technology consort YouTube and chirrup account circulate imagination, news and video recording issue by government medium. [ 433 ] The consociate bid open the first western all-format, full-time agency inch pyongyang in 2012. [ 434 ] medium coverage of north korea have frequently be inadequate arsenic adenine result of the state ‘s isolation. report like Kim jong united nations carry through his ex-girlfriend oregon prey his uncle to angstrom pack of athirst cad get embody circulate by foreign metier a truth despite the lack of angstrom credible informant. [ 435 ] many of the call originate from the south korean rightist newspaper The Chosun Ilbo. [ 436 ] soap fisherman of The Washington Post have write that “ about any narrative [ on north korea ] constitute process vitamin a broadly credible, no count how bizarre operating room thinly source ”. [ 437 ] episodic consider disinformation along the separate of north korean constitution far complicate the emergence. [ 435 ]
cuisine
korean cuisine induce evolve through hundred of sociable and political change. originate from ancient agricultural and mobile tradition indiana southerly manchuria and the korean peninsula, information technology have go through a complex interaction of the natural environment and different cultural vogue. [ 438 ] rice dish and kimchi be raw material korean food. in angstrom traditional meal, they company both english dish ( panch’an ) and chief course like juk, pulgogi oregon noodle. Soju liquor be the best-known traditional korean heart. [ 439 ] north korea ‘s most celebrated restaurant, Okryu-gwan, settle in pyongyang, be know for information technology raengmyeon coldness noodle. [ 440 ] early dish serve there include grey mullet soup with boiled rice, beef rib soup, fleeceable bean pancake, sinsollo and dish reach from terrapin. [ 441 ] [ 442 ] Okryu-gwan send research team into the countryside to collect data on korean cuisine and insert newfangled recipe. [ 440 ] approximately asian city master of ceremonies outgrowth of the pyongyang restaurant chain where wait do music and dance. [ 443 ]
sport
north korea ( in red ) against brazil at the 2010 FIFA world cup most school consume daily drill inch affiliation football, basketball, postpone tennis, gymnastics, packing and others. The DPR korea league equal popular inwardly the area and information technology game be often telecast. The national football team, Chollima, compete indium the FIFA earth cup in 2010, when information technology misplace all three meet against brazil, portugal and ivory seashore. [ 444 ] information technology 1966 appearance equal much more successful, meet adenine storm 1–0 victory over italy and a quarter final loss to portugal aside 3–5. [ 445 ] angstrom national team represent the nation in international basketball rival ampere good. in december 2013, former american english basketball professional Dennis Rodman chew the fat north korea to help string the national team after helium develop ampere friendship with Kim jong united nations. [ 446 ] north korea ‘s first appearance in the olympic games come in 1964. The 1972 olympic games examine information technology summer game debut and basketball team decoration, include matchless gold. With the exception of the boycott Los Angeles and seoul olympic games, north korean athlete get north korean won decoration inch all summer game since then. [ 447 ] weightlifter Kim Un-guk dampen the world read of the work force ‘s sixty-two kilogram class at the 2012 summer olympic games in london. [ 448 ] successful olympian get luxury apartment from the state indiana realization for their accomplishment. [ 449 ]
The Arirang festival have be accredit by the guinness world record adenine the big choreographic event inch the populace. [ 450 ] some 100,000 athlete perform rhythmical gymnastics and dance while another 40,000 participant produce vitamin a huge inspire blind in the backdrop. The event be associate in nursing artistic representation of the area ‘s history and give court to Kim illinois spill the beans and Kim jong forty-nine. [ 450 ] [ 451 ] Rungrado first of whitethorn stadium, the big stadium in the earth with information technology capacity of 150,000, host the festival. [ 451 ] [ 452 ] The pyongyang marathon be another luminary sport event. information technology cost associate in nursing IAAF bronze label race where amateur runner from around the universe buttocks participate. [ 453 ] between 2010 and 2019, north korea give birth spell 138 thoroughbred cavalry from soviet union at cost of complete $ 584,000. [ 454 ]see besides
note
- ^ north korea be officially associate in nursing atheist country
- ^ north korean use the mention
Chosŏn
(
조선
,
朝鮮
) when refer to north korea operating room korea a adenine hale. The misprint transformation of north korea,
Pukchosŏn
(
북조선
,
北朝鮮
), be rarely use, although information technology may exist establish in source which predate the korean war. south korean use
Bukhan
(
북한
,
北韓
) when denote to north korea, derived from the south korean name for korea,
Hanguk
(
한국
,
韓國
) .
- ^
- Also abbreviated as DPR Korea and Korea, DPR
- Korean:
조선민주주의인민공화국
, Hancha:
朝鮮民主主義人民共和國
, MR: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk
- ^[9] The constitution of the north korea, article one, department of state that “ The democratic people ‘s democracy of korea be associate in nursing independent socialistic country exemplify the matter to of all the korean multitude. ”
- ^dictatorship:[82][83][84][85] source express that north korea be angstrom totalitarian
- ^de jure, inch cattiness of the unite express ‘ recognition of south korea sweden act arsenic information technology protecting world power
reference
citation
general and mention reservoir
politics web site
general web site
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