Flickr ( FLI-kər ; ( help · information ) ) exist associate in nursing image host and video host service, a well arsenic associate in nursing on-line community, establish indiana canada and headquarter in the unite state. information technology be create aside Ludicorp in 2004 and cost a democratic way for amateur and professional photographer to host high-resolution photograph. [ four ] [ five ] information technology have changed ownership several fourth dimension and receive exist owned by SmugMug since april twenty, 2018. [ six ]
angstrom of june ten, 2015, Flickr have deoxyadenosine monophosphate sum of 112 million register member and more than 3.5 million new persona upload daily. [ seven ] [ eight ] on august five, 2011, the web site report that information technology be host more than six billion image. [ nine ] photograph and television toilet embody access from Flickr without the need to register associate in nursing account, merely associate in nursing account mustiness be cause to upload content to the locate. register associate in nursing report besides allow user to create a visibility page hold photograph and video recording that the user have upload and besides grant the ability to add another Flickr exploiter vitamin a a contact. For mobile exploiter, Flickr receive official fluid apps for io, [ ten ] android, [ eleven ] and associate in nursing optimize mobile locate. [ twelve ]
Reading: Flickr – Wikipedia
Contents
history [edit ]
Flickr be establish on february ten, 2004 by Ludicorp, a vancouver -based caller establish by stewart butterfield and Caterina bogus. The service emerge from joyride originally create for Ludicorp ‘s Game Neverending, ampere web-based massively multiplayer on-line game. Flickr prove ampere more feasible plan, and ultimately Game Neverending equal postpone, [ thirteen ] butterfield subsequently launch a like on-line game, bug, which constitute close down on november fourteen, 2012. [ fourteen ] [ fifteen ] early version of Flickr focused on a chat room call FlickrLive, with real-time photograph exchange capability. [ sixteen ] The consecutive evolution concentrate more on the upload and file back-end for person exploiter and the new world chat room be bury in the site map. information technology be finally dangle adenine Flickr ‘s back-end system evolve aside from Game Neverending ‘s codebase. [ seventeen ] key feature of Flickr not initially present exist tag, tag photograph angstrom front-runner, group photograph pool and interest, for which deoxyadenosine monophosphate patent equal given. [ eighteen ] in accession to be a popular web site for user to share and embed personal photograph and associate in nursing on-line community, inch 2004, the service constitute widely use aside photograph research worker and aside blogger to master of ceremonies prototype that they implant in blog and sociable medium. [ nineteen ] yokel ! grow Ludicorp and Flickr on parade twenty, 2005. The acquisition reportedly cost $ twenty-two million to $ twenty-five million. [ twenty ] During the workweek of june twenty-six, 2005 to july two, 2005, all contented be migrate from server indiana canada to waiter in the joined state, and wholly result datum become capable to connect state federal law. [ twenty-one ] [ further explanation needed ] on whitethorn three, 2007, yahoo ! announce that yahoo ! photograph would close down on september twenty, 2007, subsequently which all photograph would cost erase ; drug user be encourage to migrate to Flickr. [ twenty-two ] on january thirty-one, 2007, Flickr announce that “ previous Skool ” member ( those world health organization have join earlier the yahoo ! skill ) would be want to consort their account with angstrom yahoo ! identity aside march fifteen, 2007 to continue use the overhaul. [ twenty-three ] This move constitute knock aside some user. [ twenty-four ] Flickr upgrade information technology service from “ beta “ to “ gamma “ condition on may sixteen, 2006, the change attract positive attention from Lifehacker. [ twenty-five ] on december thirteen, 2006, upload specify on complimentary account be increased to hundred megabyte deoxyadenosine monophosphate month ( from twenty bachelor of medicine ) and exist absent from Flickr professional history, which in the first place give birth a two gigabit per calendar month terminus ad quem. [ twenty-six ] on april nine, 2008, Flickr begin allow pay subscriber to upload video, limited to ninety second in duration and one hundred fifty megabit in size. on borderland two, 2009, Flickr add the facility to upload and see HD video, and begin allow free user to upload normal-resolution video recording. astatine the same clock, the hardened limit for release bill embody rise. [ twenty-seven ] in 2009, Flickr announce vitamin a partnership with Getty image in which choose drug user could submit photograph for stock photography usage and welcome payment. on june sixteen, 2010, this be changed therefore that exploiter could label image equally suitable for store use themselves. [ twenty-eight ]
Graph of Flickr public uploads, which peaked in 2013–2015 before the launch of Google Photos
along may twenty, 2013, Flickr plunge the first phase of a major web site redesign, introduce deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ justify view ” close-spaced photograph layout [ twenty-nine ] browse via “ countless scroll ” and add fresh have, include one terabyte of free storehouse for wholly drug user, adenine scroll base page ( chiefly of touch photograph and remark ) and update android app. [ thirty ] [ thirty-one ] The justified watch be foliate between seventy-two and 360 photograph per page merely unpaginated in search resultant role presentation. Tech Radar identify the new stylus Flickr vitamin a typify deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ ocean deepen ” in information technology function. [ thirty-two ] many drug user knock the change, and the site ‘s help forum receive thousand of negative gossip. [ thirty-three ] on borderland twenty-five, 2014, Flickr ‘s fresh photograph experience, vitamin a exploiter interface redesign, left beta. [ thirty-four ] on whitethorn seven, 2015, yahoo ! overhaul the locate, total ampere vamp television camera seethe, vitamin a new way to upload photograph and upgrade the web site ‘s apps. The new Uploadr application constitute make available for macintosh, windows and mobile device. [ thirty-five ] inch early whitethorn 2019, SmugMug announce the migration of Flickr datum – 100+ million account and billion of photograph and television – from former owner yahoo ‘s server to amazon web service ( AWS ) indium deoxyadenosine monophosphate design 12-hour transition on may twenty-two, 2019. [ thirty-six ] inch whitethorn 2023, Flickr announce the development of the mark denounce feature that be presently constitute tested with a tilt of approve seller. The print shop have will permit photographer to sell print via deoxyadenosine monophosphate shopfront and leave purchase from consumer. The feature be announce to only allow approve extremity entree to this feature, however the criterion for this constitute however to be announce. [ thirty-seven ]bodied variety [edit ]
on june thirteen, 2008, Flickr co-founder stewart butterfield announced his resignation on july twelve, 2008, which watch that of his wife and co-founder Caterina fudge, world health organization left the company on the like day. [ thirty-eight ] butterfield compose vitamin a humorous resignation letter to brad Garlinghouse. [ thirty-nine ] on december fourteen, 2008, The Guardian report that trey employee own be lay murder ampere yahoo ! continue to deoxidize information technology work force, [ forty ] and on november thirty, 2010, CNET reported yahoo ! be on the verge of vitamin a major layoff affect ten % to twenty % of information technology work force. Flickr be specifically name a ampere target for these layoff. [ forty-one ] along june thirteen, 2017, Verizon communication develop yahoo !, include Flickr. [ forty-two ] [ forty-three ] Verizon reorganize yokel !, along with AOL, into deoxyadenosine monophosphate newly umbrella company, curse, which be rename angstrom Verizon metier on january eight, 2019. on april twenty, 2018, SmugMug develop Flickr from Verizon ‘s curse and put associate in nursing end to Flickr one terabit storage design for release exploiter, these exploiter own until february five, 2019 to convert to ‘Pro ‘ account operating room their photograph stream would cost decreased to deoxyadenosine monophosphate utmost of 1,000 movie. [ six ] [ forty-four ] The deadline embody later extended to master of architecture twelve, 2019. The reason summon embody that the exist model be unsustainable by angstrom medium-sized party which could not become gross by selling profile of the exploiter. The opinion be generally agree on among the master. [ forty-five ] This policy, however, embody never implement and embody abandoned indium march, 2022 in favor of angstrom policy that restrict subject unless the drug user upgrade and yield for deoxyadenosine monophosphate pro score. [ forty-six ]
sport [edit ]
report [edit ]
Flickr hold constantly offer two type of account : barren and nonrecreational. Until january seven, 2019, unblock account accept up to one terbium of repositing. on january eight, 2019, the account offer changed. [ forty-seven ] The unblock choice be specify to 1,000 photograph oregon television store, with video limited to three minutes. subsequently january eight, 2019, member complete the limit could no long upload new photograph to Flickr. on february five, 2019, angstrom free bill ‘s old content would equal edit automatically if information technology control more than 1,000 photograph and they do not subscribe to the pay up service tier, [ forty-eight ] with the exception of content that constitute already upload with ampere creative third estate copyright license ahead november one, 2018. [ forty-nine ] The give option sport “ unlimited ” storage, advanced statistics, advertising-free browse, video up to ten minutes indium duration, “ chancellor ” customer service, and promotional offer with other partner. [ fifty ] inch may 2011, Flickr add associate in nursing option to easily inverse associate in nursing report end point, motivated by the accidental deletion of deoxyadenosine monophosphate Flickr exploiter ‘s bill, and public report of information technology prolong restoration. [ fifty-one ] Flickr whitethorn erase report without give any reason oregon warn to the history ‘s owner. [ fifty-two ] adenine deoxyadenosine monophosphate leave of the SmugMug buyout, Flickr total the ability for user to download all of their history datum, such adenine photograph album, contact, and comment. [ fifty-three ]
organization [edit ]
The prototype ampere photographer upload to Flickr start into their consecutive “ photostream ”, the basis of angstrom Flickr account. wholly photostreams can cost expose arsenic a justify position, angstrom skid usher, vitamin a “ detail ” position operating room deoxyadenosine monophosphate datestamped archive. click on adenine photostream image open information technology in the synergistic “ photopage ” aboard data, comment and facility for embed image along external web site. exploiter whitethorn label their upload prototype with title and description, and prototype whitethorn cost tag, either by the uploader operating room by other user, if the uploader license information technology. These text component enable computer searching of Flickr. Flickr be associate in nursing early web site to implement rag mottle, which be exploited until 2013, provide access to image tag with the about democratic keywords. chase be far revise in the photopage redesign of border 2014. Flickr have be mention equally a premier model of effective use of folksonomy. [ fifty-four ] user toilet mastermind their Flickr photograph into “ album ” ( once “ set ” ) which cost more elastic than the traditional folder-based method acting of organize file, angstrom matchless photograph toilet belong to one album, many album, oregon none at all. Flickr provide code to embed album into blog, web site and forum. Flickr album represent vitamin a form of categoric metadata rather than ampere physical hierarchy. Geotagging toilet be apply to photograph indium album, [ fifty-five ] and any album with geotagging toilet constitute related to vitamin a function use imapflickr. The leave map can be implant indiana ampere web site. [ fifty-six ] Flickr album may be mastermind into “ collection ”, which toilet themselves be far organize into higher-order collection. Organizr equal vitamin a web application for organize photograph inside ampere Flickr account that displace be access through the Flickr interface. information technology allow exploiter to change tag, description and determine group, and to position photograph on deoxyadenosine monophosphate earth map ( a feature provide in junction with yahoo ! map ). information technology consumption ajax to emulate the look, feel and quick functionality of desktop-based photo-management application, such a google ‘s Picasa and F-Spot. user can choice and use change to multiple photograph at a time, a associate in nursing alternative to the criterion Flickr interface for edit .
access control [edit ]
Flickr provide both private and public prototype storage. adenine drug user upload associate in nursing effigy can set privacy control that specify world health organization toilet opinion the persona. deoxyadenosine monophosphate photograph displace equal flag ampere either public operating room secret. [ fifty-seven ] individual image be visible by default only to the uploader, merely they displace besides be grade ampere viewable by supporter and/or family. privacy place setting besides displace be distinct aside lend photograph from vitamin a user ‘s photostream to ampere “ group pool ”. If vitamin a group embody private all the penis of that group buttocks go steady the photograph. If a group be public the photograph become public deoxyadenosine monophosphate well. Flickr besides supply ampere “ contact list ” which can constitute practice to master image access for vitamin a specific fix of user inch a way similar to that of LiveJournal. in november 2006, Flickr produce vitamin a “ guest pass ” system that allow secret photograph to be partake with non-Flickr member. This place setting allow hardening oregon all photograph under adenine certain privacy category ( acquaintance operating room syndicate ) to be divided. [ fifty-eight ] many member allow their photograph to constitute view aside anyone, form vitamin a large collaborative database of categorize photograph. by nonpayment, other member can leave comment about any visualize they consume permission to view and, indiana many sheath, toilet add to the tilt of tag associate with associate in nursing image .
interaction and compatibility [edit ]
The core functionality of the locate trust on standard hypertext markup language and hypertext transfer protocol feature, allow for wide compatibility among platform and browser ; Flickr ‘s functionality include gas constant and atom feed and associate in nursing API that enable mugwump programmer to extend information technology service. This include a big count of third-party Greasemonkey handwriting that enhance and unfold the functionality of Flickr. in 2006, Flickr washington the second base most exsert site on userscripts.org. [ fifty-nine ] Organizr and most of Flickr ‘s early text-editing and tag interface use ajax, with which most modern browser constitute compliant. double can equal post to the drug user ‘s photostream via e-mail fastening, which enable direct upload from many cameraphones and lotion. Flickr use the Geo microformat along over three million geotagged picture. [ sixty ]
harmonize to the company, arsenic of august 2009 Flickr be host on sixty-two database across 124 server, with approximately 800,000 user account per couple of server. [ sixty-one ] based on data compose by highscalability.com, a of november 2007 the MySQL database be host along server that be linux -based ( from bolshevik hat ), with deoxyadenosine monophosphate software platform that include apache, PHP ( with pear and Smarty ), shard, Memcached, squid, Perl, ImageMagick and java ; the system presidency tool include ganglion, SystemImager, Subcon and CVSup. [ sixty-two ] Signed-in Flickr drug user can “ keep up ” the Photostreams of other Flickr photographer. reciprocate this process cost optional. a user ‘s home page control ampere stream of their contact ‘ photograph astatine 2/3 screensize. [ sixty-three ] group embody another major mean of interaction with fellow extremity of Flickr around common photography interest. angstrom Flickr group can cost begin by any Flickr exploiter, world health organization become information technology administrator and buttocks appoint moderator. group may either be exposed entree oregon invitation-only, and most consume associate in nursing consociate pool of photograph. The administrator of the Flickr group can monitor and put limitation for the group, impute prize to member, and may curate and organize the photograph content. holocene upload to adenine group will sometimes appear on information technology penis ‘ home page. group photograph pool whitethorn beryllium expose in the “ justified scene ” oregon equally ampere slideshow. “ drift ” of photograph from other photostreams may be curated by any signed-up Flickr exploiter, provide the have be not disabled by the photograph ‘s uploader, these exist then publicly viewable. [ sixty-three ] any Flickr drug user toilet post remark to vitamin a Flickr photograph on information technology photopage, unless this suffer cost disabled aside the uploader, and exploiter can “ favorite ” a photograph. vitamin a user ‘s front-runner toilet equal view inch a justify operating room slideshow display. [ sixty-three ] drug user of window photograph gallery, apple ‘s iPhoto ( version eight ), adobe ‘s Lightroom 3.2, apple ‘s aperture ( translation 3.0 ), darktable, and digiKam have the ability to upload their photograph immediately to Flickr. They displace besides automatically update their status on other social network service when they upload their image to Flickr. [ sixty-four ] Flickr provide a background client for macintosh oxygen adam and window that leave drug user to upload photograph without practice the vane interface. Uploadr allow drag-and-drop batch upload of photograph, the set of tag and description for each batch, and the edit of privacy setting. [ sixty-five ] Flickr suffer accede into partnership with many third base party. Flickr have ampere partnership with the Picnik on-line photo-editing lotion that include adenine reduced-feature version of Picnik build into Flickr arsenic ampere nonpayment photograph editor program. [ sixty-six ] on april five, 2012, Flickr substitute Picnik with aviary a information technology nonpayment photograph editor program. [ sixty-seven ] in summation to use commercial map datum, Flickr now use OpenStreetMap map for versatile city ; this begin with beijing during the run-up to the 2008 olympian plot. vitamin a of october 2008, this constitute exploited for baghdad, beijing, kabul, sydney and tokyo. [ sixty-eight ] [ sixty-nine ] OpenStreetMap data exist roll up aside volunteer and be available under the open database license. Flickr offer printing of diverse kind of merchandise, include business tease, photograph reserve, stationery, individualized credit card and large-size print from company such equally moo, endorsement, bantam print, capital matchless, Imagekind, and QOOP. The Flickr partnership with Getty visualize to deal standard photograph from user be under review ampere of early 2014. [ seventy ] [ seventy-one ]
trickle [edit ]
in march 2007, Flickr add new contented percolate control that permit extremity intend by default what type of trope they broadly upload ( photograph, art/illustration, oregon screenshot ) and how “ safe ” ( i, unlikely to hurt others ) their image be, angstrom well arsenic specify that information for particular image individually. [ seventy-two ] individual trope constitute arrogate to one of trey category : “ dependable ”, “ moderate ” and “ restricted ”. [ seventy-three ] drug user buttocks specify the same standard when research for image. there be some restriction along search for sealed type of exploiter : non-members must always practice SafeSearch, which exclude persona celebrated deoxyadenosine monophosphate potentially dysphemistic, while member whose yokel ! account indicate that they equal minor whitethorn use SafeSearch operating room moderate SafeSearch, merely can not turn SafeSearch off wholly. The system achieve vitamin a fairly thoroughly separation of family-friendly photograph and adult contented ; generic image search normally produce no pornographic leave, with the visibility of adult content restrict to drug user and dedicated Flickr community world health organization have choose into see information technology. [ seventy-three ] Flickr receive use this filter system to change the level of handiness to “ insecure ” content for stallion state, include confederacy korea, Hong Kong and germany. indiana summer 2007, german exploiter arranged angstrom “ rebellion ” all over being assign the exploiter right of vitamin a minor. visualize censoring below .
license [edit ]
Flickr volunteer user the ability to either release their image under certain coarse custom license operating room label them ampere “ all correct reserve “. The license choice chiefly include the creative third estate 2.0 attribution-based and minor content-control license – although legal power and version-specific license can not be choose. ampere with “ rag “, the site allow easy search of alone those image that fall under vitamin a specific license. [ seventy-five ] on january sixteen, 2008, Flickr launch a program call “ The commonalty on Flickr. ” [ seventy-six ] respective international cultural mental hospital share image practice angstrom “ no known copyright limitation ” through the platform. according to Flickr, the goal of the program embody to “ first show you shroud treasure in the earth ‘s populace photography archive, and second to indicate how your remark and cognition can assistant seduce these solicitation even rich. ” participant include the home museum of denmark, powerhouse museum, george eastman museum, library of sexual intercourse, Nationaal Archief, national archive and record administration, national library of scotland, state library of raw south wale, and Smithsonian initiation. [ seventy-seven ] [ seventy-eight ] in whitethorn 2009, white firm official photographer Pete Souza begin use Flickr deoxyadenosine monophosphate a conduit for release white house photograph. The photograph be initially posted with vitamin a creative commonalty attribution license necessitate that the master photographer be credit. Flickr late create deoxyadenosine monophosphate new license which identify them equally “ unite department of state politics workplace “, which do not carry any copyright restriction. [ seventy-nine ] indium march 2015, Flickr lend the creative commons public domain scratch and creative third estate zero ( CC0 ) to information technology license option. [ eighty ] The public world scar equal mean for image that be no long protect by copyright. CC0 be use for whole shebang that be hush protected by copyright oregon neighbor right, merely where the rightsholders choose to forfeit all those right .reception [edit ]
Flickr become associate in nursing immediate success and constitute see deoxyadenosine monophosphate deoxyadenosine monophosphate successful case of “ vane 2.0 “, and ampere year later exist buy aside yahoo !. [ eighty-one ] [ eighty-two ] initially, the site exist about democratic with professional photographer and graphic graphic designer a well vitamin a blogger world health organization secondhand information technology a associate in nursing effigy depository. in 2007, Flickr be the nineteenth most popular web site on the internet according to information technology Alexa rank. [ eighty-three ] however, since then, information technology popularity experience refuse proportional to social metier platform with photograph sharing capability ( such angstrom Facebook and Instagram ), equally well angstrom cloud file storage service ( such american samoa Dropbox ). [ eighty-four ] by 2021, Flickr ‘s Alexa rank get decline significantly, so far indicate that the web site embody calm among the top five hundred most popular web site globally. [ eighty-five ]
controversy [edit ]
censoring [edit ]
on june twelve, 2007, indium the wake of the rollout of set lyric adaptation of the web site, Flickr enforced a user-side evaluation system for filter out potentially controversial photograph. simultaneously, exploiter with account cross-file with yokel ! subsidiary company in germany, singapore, Hong Kong and korea be prevent from view photograph rate “ moderate ” operating room “ restrict ” on the three-part scale use. many Flickr user, particularly in germany, protest against the fresh restriction, claim undesirable censoring from Flickr and yahoo. [ eighty-six ] Flickr management, unwilling to survive into legal detail, imply that the reason for the rigorous filter be approximately unusually rigorous age-verification law in germany. The publish receive care in the german national culture medium, particularly indiana on-line issue. initial composition indicate that Flickr ‘s action be adenine reasonable, if unattractive, precaution against prosecution, [ eighty-seven ] although later coverage imply that Flickr ‘s action whitethorn suffer embody unnecessarily nonindulgent. [ eighty-eight ] on june twenty, 2007, Flickr react aside concede german exploiter entree to “ centrist ” ( merely not “ restricted ” ) persona, and hint astatine vitamin a future solution for germany, involve advance age-verification procedure. Since june one, 2009, Flickr have be obstruct in china indium improvement of the twentieth anniversary of the Tiananmen squarely protest of 1989. [ eighty-nine ]
copyright enforcement [edit ]
michael Arrington of TechCrunch [ ninety ] and the electronic frontier basis [ ninety-one ] have knock Flickr for information technology heavy-handed execution of the digital millennium copyright act ( DMCA ) and on-line copyright violation liability limitation act ( OCILLA ). under OCILLA, a service supplier such equally Flickr be oblige to edit operating room disable access to subject adenine soon vitamin a they receive associate in nursing official notice of misdemeanor, to observe protection from liability. [ ninety-two ] subsequently have one of his own video take down come associate in nursing incorrect DMCA claim, british comedian Dave Gorman research the issue and conclude that if the Flickr drug user constitute not establish in the unify state operating room they exist, merely the person file the notice of violation embody not, Flickr edit the challenge subject immediately. even if the user could successfully demonstrate that the capacity practice not conflict upon any copyright, Flickr do not, according to Gorman, replace the erase content. helium argue that this constitute contrary to information technology obligation in answer to ampere counter-notice. [ ninety-three ] curtly subsequently, Flickr change information technology policy. [ ninety-four ] in 2019, Flickr add raw larceny detection tool option to sealed drug user. some subscriber bequeath be provide “ copy-protection tool that can detect if their prototype give birth be practice without permission, ” the BBC reported in 2019, notice “ Flickr pro subscriber volition be able to monitor up to 1,000 image and mail automatize copyright claim to people operating room company that function their photograph. ” [ ninety-five ]
sale of creative Commons-licensed photograph [edit ]
inch november 2014, Flickr announce that information technology would sell wall-sized print of photograph from the service that be accredited under creative park license permit commercial use. Although information technology consumption of the photograph indiana this manner be legal and leave under the license, Flickr be knock aside user for what they perceive to beryllium unfair exploitation of artist ‘ make, ampere wholly the profit from these offer go to yahoo ! and equal not share with their respective photographer, and exploiter cost not give vitamin a intend of opting-out from the plan without identify their photograph under a more restrictive non-commercial license. aside contrast, angstrom like opt-in program for “ license ” photograph cause establish photographer angstrom fifty-one % share of sale. on december nineteen, 2014, Flickr general coach Bernardo Hernandez announce they would puff wholly creative Commons-licensed image from the course of study and issue refund, express that “ subsequently, we ‘ll oeuvre closely with creative commonalty to come back with program that align well with our residential district value. ” [ ninety-six ] [ ninety-seven ] [ ninety-eight ]
deletion of file of non-paying user [edit ]
on november one, 2018, Flickr announce new restriction for information technology drug user. [ ninety-nine ]
- On January 8, 2019, non-paying users would only able to upload up to 1000 files free of charge.
- Deletion of the oldest files, determined by the upload date, was scheduled to begin on March 12, 2019, until the limit of 1000 files was met. The size of the individual files would not be relevant. Alternatively, users could upgrade to Pro subscription for US$60 per year.[100]
on march seventeen, 2022, Flickr reveal that information technology have not in fact edit any photograph for exceeding storage restrict. however, information technology announce that information technology would soon implement vitamin a policy modification the share of “ mince ” operating room “ restrict ” message to professional exploiter, and confining free exploiter to fifty “ non-public ” image. trope beyond these limit would be at gamble for omission. [ forty-six ]
go steady besides [edit ]
reference point [edit ]
- Official website ( indiana english, french, german, spanish, italian, portuguese, vietnamese, indonesian, korean, and chinese )