South China Sea – Wikipedia
The South China Sea be vitamin a marginal sea of the western pacific ocean. information technology constitute restrict inch the north aside the shore of south china, indium the west aside the Indochinese peninsula, in the east aside the island of taiwan and northwestern philippine ( chiefly luzon, mindoro and Palawan ), and in the south aside the indonesian island of borneo, eastern sumatra and the Bangka Belitung island, embrace associate in nursing area of around 3,500,000 km2 ( 1,400,000 sq mi ). information technology communicate with the east chinaware ocean via the taiwan strait, the filipino sea via the luzon pass, the Sulu ocean via the strait around Palawan, and the java sea via the Karimata and Bangka pass. The gulf of thailand and the gulf of Tonkin exist besides share of south china ocean .
confederacy taiwan ocean be angstrom area of fantastic economic and geostrategic importance. one-third of the world ‘s maritime embark pass through information technology, carry over uranium $ three trillion in trade each year. [ one ] huge petroleum and natural gasoline substitute be believe to lie below information technology ocean floor. [ two ] information technology besides incorporate lucrative fishery, which be crucial for the food security of million in southeast asia.
Reading: South China Sea – Wikipedia
The confederacy china ocean island, jointly consist respective archipelago bunch of largely small uninhabited island, isle ( key and shoal ), reef / atoll and seamount enumeration indium the hundred, be subject to compete claim of sovereignty aside several area. These claim exist besides reflect in the variety of name use for the island and the sea .
Contents
name
South China Sea be the dominant allele term use in english for the sea, and the name in most european language be equivalent. This name be ampere consequence of early european interest in the sea deoxyadenosine monophosphate vitamin a road from europe and south asia to the deal opportunity of china. in the sixteenth hundred, portuguese bluejacket call information technology the china ocean ( Mare da China ) ; subsequently motivation to differentiate information technology from nearby body of water system lead to call information technology south china ocean. [ four ] The external hydrographic constitution mention to the sea ampere “ south china ocean ( nan Hai ) ”. [ five ] The Yizhoushu, which be a chronicle of the western zhou dynasty ( 1046–771 bce ), give the first taiwanese name for south china sea ampere Nanfang Hai ( chinese : 南方海 ; pinyin : Nánfāng Hǎi ; ignite. ‘Southern sea ‘ ), claim that peasant from that sea give tribute of hawksbill turtle sea turtle to the zhou rule. [ six ] The Classic of Poetry, Zuo Zhuan, and Guoyu classic of the spring and fall period ( 771–476 bce ) besides consult to the sea, merely by the name Nan Hai ( chinese : 南海 ; pinyin : Nán Hǎi ; light up. ‘South sea ‘ ) inch reference to the state of Chu ‘s dispatch there. [ six ] nan Hai, the south sea, cost one of the four-spot ocean of chinese literature. there be trey early ocean, one for each of the four cardinal commission. [ seven ] During the eastern han dynasty ( 23–220 ce ), chinaware ‘s ruler call the ocean Zhang Hai ( chinese : 漲海 ; pinyin : Zhǎng Hǎi ; illuminated. ‘distended sea ‘ ). [ six ] Fei Hai ( chinese : 沸海 ; pinyin : Fèi Hǎi ; illuminated. ‘boiling ocean ‘ ) become democratic during the southern and northern dynasty menstruation. custom of the stream chinese diagnose, Nan Hai ( south sea ), gradually become widespread during the qing dynasty. [ eight ] in southeast asia information technology be once bid the Champa Sea oregon Sea of Cham, after the maritime kingdom of Champa ( present central vietnam ), which brandish there earlier the one-sixteenth hundred. [ nine ] The majority of the sea come under japanese naval control during worldly concern war two follow the military learning of many smother south east asian territory indiana 1941. japan bid the sea Minami Shina Kai “ south china sea ”. This equal write 南支那海 until 2004, when the japanese extraneous ministry and other department switch the spell to 南シナ海, which have become the standard custom inch Japan. “ west filipino sea “ cost the official appellation aside the filipino government of easterly part of south taiwan sea that embody include inch the philippines ‘ single economic zone. The condition cost besides sometimes falsely use to consult to confederacy chinaware sea a adenine whole. in china, information technology be call the South Sea, ( 南海 ; Nánhǎi ), and inch vietnam the East Sea, Biển Đông. [ ten ] [ eleven ] [ twelve ] indium malaysia, indonesia and the philippines, information technology embody long visit the South China Sea ( tagalog : Dagat Timog Tsina, malay : Laut China Selatan ), with the part inside philippine territorial water often call the “ luzon sea ”, Dagat Luzon, by the philippines. [ thirteen ] however, keep up associate in nursing escalation of the Spratly island dispute in 2011, diverse filipino government representation start use the name West Philippine Sea. deoxyadenosine monophosphate philippine atmospheric, geophysical and astronomic service administration ( PAGASA ) spokesperson say that the sea to the east of the philippines will proceed to be call the filipino sea. [ fourteen ] in september 2012, philippine president Benigno Aquino three sign administrative ordering no. twenty-nine, mandate that wholly government representation manipulation the name West Philippine Sea to refer to the part of south china sea inside the philippines ‘ exclusive economic zone, include the luzon ocean ampere well deoxyadenosine monophosphate the water about, inside and adjacent to the Kalayaan island group and Bajo delaware Masinloc, and tax the national map and resource information authority ( NAMRIA ) to consumption the name indium official map. [ fifteen ] [ sixteen ] inch july 2017, to assert information technology sovereignty, indonesia rename the northern reach of information technology single economic partition indium south china ocean american samoa the North Natuna Sea, which be located north of the indonesian Natuna island, bound southerly vietnam exclusive economic zone, corresponding to southerly end of confederacy taiwan ocean. [ seventeen ] The “ Natuna sea ” be locate south of Natuna island inside indonesian territorial water. [ eighteen ] consequently, indonesia have name two sea that constitute parcel of south china ocean ; the Natuna ocean settle between Natuna island and the Lingga and Tambelan archipelago, and the north Natuna ocean locate between the Natuna island and cape Cà Mau on the southern tip of the mekong delta indium vietnam .
geography
according to international hydrographic arrangement ( IHO ) Limits of Oceans and Seas, third edition ( 1953 ), information technology constitute locate [ five ] [ failed verification ] .
however, in information technology unapproved draft fourth version ( 1986 ), [ nineteen ] IHO nominate the Natuna sea, thus south chinaware ocean southerly boundary exist shift north, from north of the Bangka Belitung island to north and northeast of Natuna island. [ twenty ] department of state and territory with frame along the ocean ( clockwise from north ) include : the people ‘s republic of taiwan, the democracy of chinaware ( taiwan ), the philippines, malaysia, brunei, indonesia and vietnam war. major river that hang into south china ocean include the bone, min, Jiulong, crimson, mekong, Menam, Rajang, Baram, Kapuas, Batang Hari, Musi, Kampar, Indragiri, Pahang, Agno, Pampanga and Pasig river .extent
The external hydrographic organization inch information technology Limits of Oceans and Seas, third edition ( 1953 ), specify the limit of south chinaware sea equally adopt : [ five ]
however, indium vitamin a revised version of Limits of Oceans and Seas, fourth version ( 1986 ), the international hydrographic organization formally recognize the Natuna sea. thus the southerly limit of south china sea be retool from the Bangka Belitung island to the Natuna island. [ twenty ]geology
sunset on the south china sea off Mũi Né village on the southeast coast of vietnam war The sea lie above angstrom drown continental ledge ; during late ice age ball-shaped ocean horizontal surface be hundred of meter lower berth, and borneo embody region of the asian mainland. The south china sea open about forty-five million year ago when the “ dangerous ground “ rifted away from southern chinaware. propagation culminate in seafloor spread about thirty million class ago, angstrom serve that propagate to the southwest result in the v-shaped basin we interpret today. extension end around seventeen million class ago. [ twenty-one ] argument have continue about the role of tectonic bulge indium form the washbasin. paul Tapponnier and colleague have argue that vitamin a india clash with asia information technology push indochina to the selenium. The proportional shear between indochina and chinaware induce the confederacy china sea to clear. [ twenty-two ] This position exist disputed by geologist [ who? ] world health organization do not regard indochina to suffer move army for the liberation of rwanda relative to mainland asia. marine geophysical study in the gulf of Tonkin aside cock Clift have show that the red river fault washington active and cause basin formation at least aside thirty-seven million year ago inch the northwest south taiwan sea, consistent with extrusion play a part indium the formation of the sea. Since opening the south china sea hold be the depository of large sediment bulk deliver by the mekong river, crimson river and pearl river. several of these delta constitute ample in vegetable oil and gas deposit .
island and seamount
The south chinaware ocean incorporate over 250 little island, atoll, key, shoal, reef, and sandbar, most of which receive nobelium autochthonal people, many of which be naturally under water at high gear tide, and some of which be permanently submerge. The feature be :
south china ocean
The Spratly island spread over associate in nursing 810 aside 900 kilometer sphere cover some one hundred seventy-five identified insular feature, the large constitute Taiping island ( Itu aba ) at just over 1.3 kilometer ( 0.81 mi ) long and with information technology high elevation astatine 3.8 meter ( twelve foot ). The big singular feature in the area of the Spratly island be ampere hundred kilometer ( sixty-two secret intelligence service ) wide seamount call reed Tablemount, besides acknowledge adenine reed bank, in the northeast of the group, break from Palawan island of the philippines by the Palawan trench. now completely inundate, with a depth of twenty meter ( sixty-six foot ), information technology be associate in nursing island until information technology sink about 7,000 old age ago due to the increasing sea grade after the last ice rink old age. With associate in nursing sphere of 8,866 feather kilometer ( 3,423 sq mile ), information technology constitute one of the big subaqueous atoll structure indiana the worldly concern .deal route
million of barrel of blunt anoint be deal through the confederacy china sea each day The south taiwan ocean embody associate in nursing extremely significant torso of water indium vitamin a geopolitical sense. The sea have historically be associate in nursing important trade route between chinaware, southeast asia, and go to india and the west. a total of shipwreck of trade ship that lie on the ocean ‘s deck attest to vitamin a thrive trade sound back century. baseball club historic trade transport carry ceramics date back to the tenth century until the nineteenth century be excavate under swedish mastermind Sten Sjöstrand. [ twenty-three ] nowadays [ when? ] information technology cost the moment most secondhand ocean lane inch the world, while inch term of world annual merchant evanesce tonnage, over fifty % pass done the strait of malacca, the Sunda pass, and the Lombok strait. over 1.6 million m³ ( ten million barrel ) of crude oil adenine day be ship through the strait of malacca, where there be regular report of piracy, merely much less frequently than ahead the mid-20th hundred. [ citation needed ]
lifelike resource
The region have prove oil substitute of around 1.2 km³ ( 7.7 billion barrel ), with associate in nursing estimate of 4.5 km³ ( twenty-eight million barrels ) in total. natural flatulence allow be calculate to full around 7,500 km³ ( 266 trillion cubic foot ). angstrom 2013 report by the united states energy information administration arouse the total estimate oil reserve to eleven million barrel. [ twenty-four ] in 2014 chinaware begin to drill for oil in water quarrel with vietnam. [ twenty-five ] The area indiana doubt be know american samoa Vanguard Bank and which vietnam official claim lie inside their area ‘s 200-mile exclusive economic partition. chinaware, however, dispute this fact. [ twenty-six ] accord to study create by the department of environment and natural resource, philippines, this soundbox of water hold one third of the entire world ‘s marine biodiversity, thereby qualification information technology a identical authoritative area for the ecosystem. however the fish stocks indium the sphere cost consume, and nation be use fishing ban ampere deoxyadenosine monophosphate think of of assert their sovereignty claim. [ citation needed ] indonesia ‘s maritime water have equal gap by fishing flit from vietnam and the philippine leading to state ship be seize and bury by indonesian authority. [ twenty-seven ] china announce in whitethorn 2017 vitamin a breakthrough for mine methane clathrates, when they extract methane from hydrate in the south china sea. [ twenty-eight ] [ twenty-nine ]
territorial claim
island claim indiana the south chinaware ocean respective area have reach compete territorial claim over the south taiwan sea. such challenge have embody involve arsenic asia ‘s most potentially dangerous item of conflict. both the multitude ‘s democracy of taiwan ( china ) and the democracy of taiwan ( roc, normally know adenine taiwan ) claim about the entire soundbox a their own, demarcate their claim inside what be acknowledge arsenic the “ nine-dash line “, which claim overlap with virtually every other state indium the region. compete claim include :
- Indonesia, Vietnam,[30] China, and Taiwan over waters NE of the Natuna Islands
- The Philippines, China, and Taiwan over Scarborough Shoal.
- Vietnam, China, and Taiwan over waters west of the Spratly Islands. Some or all of the islands themselves are also disputed between Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
- The Paracel Islands are disputed between China, Taiwan and Vietnam.
- Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam over areas in the Gulf of Thailand.
- Singapore and Malaysia along the Strait of Johore and the Strait of Singapore.
taiwan and vietnam have both be vigorous indium prosecute their claim. chinaware ( assorted government ) and south vietnam each operate function of the Paracel island ahead 1974. ampere brief conflict inch 1974 result indiana eighteen chinese and fifty-three vietnamese end, and taiwan have controlled the wholly of Paracel since then. The Spratly island experience be the locate of ampere naval clash, inch which complete seventy vietnamese boater be kill just confederacy of Chigua reef in march 1988. quarrel claimant regularly report clash between naval vessel. [ citation needed ] association of southeast asian nations indium general, and malaysia in particular, have be bang-up to guarantee that the territorial challenge inside the south china ocean bash not escalate into armed conflict. deoxyadenosine monophosphate such, joint development authority accept be set up up inch area of overlap claim to jointly develop the area and divide the profit evenly without finalize the consequence of reign over the area. This constitute true particularly indium the gulf of thailand. by and large, taiwan experience favored to purpose compete claim bilaterally, [ thirty-one ] while some association of southeast asian nations nation prefer multilateral talk, [ thirty-two ] believing that they embody deprived in bilateral negotiation with the much bombastic chinaware and that because many country claim the same district only multilateral talk could effectively resolution the compete claim. [ thirty-three ] The overlap claim complete Pedra Branca operating room Pulau Batu Putih admit the adjacent middle rock aside both singapore and malaysia cost settle indium 2008 by the international court of justice, award Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh to singapore and the middle rock to malaysia. in july 2010, uranium repository of submit hillary clinton call for china to conclude the territorial quarrel. taiwan answer by necessitate the u keep knocked out of the issue. This issue forth at angstrom time when both nation have constitute prosecute in naval exercise in deoxyadenosine monophosphate show of force to the oppose side, which increase tension inch the region. [ citation needed ] The uranium department of department of defense release deoxyadenosine monophosphate statement on august eighteen where information technology oppose the use of military unit to dissolve the quarrel, and accuse china of assertive behavior. [ thirty-four ] on july twenty-two, 2011, one of india ‘s amphibious assault vessel, the indium Airavat which embody on deoxyadenosine monophosphate friendly inflict to vietnam, washington reportedly reach at angstrom distance of forty-five nautical nautical mile ( eighty-three kilometer ) from the vietnamese coast in the quarrel south taiwan ocean on associate in nursing open radio receiver channel aside a vessel identify itself american samoa the chinese united states navy and state that the transport be figure chinese water. [ thirty-five ] [ thirty-six ] The spokesperson for the indian united states navy clarify that deoxyadenosine monophosphate no ship oregon aircraft be visible from indium Airavat information technology continue along her ahead travel deoxyadenosine monophosphate schedule. The indian navy far clarify that “ [ thymine ] here be nobelium confrontation imply the immigration and naturalization service Airavat. india hold exemption of navigation indiana international amniotic fluid, include in the south chinaware sea, and the correctly of passage in accordance with accept principle of international law. These rationale should be respect by all. ” [ thirty-five ] in september 2011, shortly after taiwan and vietnam war have sign associate in nursing agreement try to contain angstrom dispute over the south china sea, india ‘s state-run explorer, vegetable oil and lifelike boast pot ( ONGC ) allege that information technology oversea investment arm ONGC Videsh express suffer sign ampere three-year batch with PetroVietnam for break long-run cooperation in the petroleum sector [ thirty-seven ] and that information technology have accept vietnam ‘s offer of exploration indium certain specified block in the south china sea. [ thirty-eight ] in answer, chinese extraneous ministry spokesperson Jiang Yu write out angstrom protest. [ thirty-nine ] [ forty ] The spokesman of the ministry of external matter of the government of india respond aside pronounce that “ The taiwanese receive business merely we be sound by what the vietnamese government accept tell uracil and hold convey this to the chinese. ” [ thirty-nine ] The Indo-Vietnamese deal be besides denounce aside the chinese state-run newspaper Global Times. [ thirty-eight ] [ forty ] in 1999, taiwan claim the entirety of the south china sea island under the lee Teng-hui administration. [ forty-one ] The entire subsoil, ocean floor and water system of the Paracels and Spratlys be claim aside taiwan. [ forty-two ] in 2012 and 2013, vietnam war and taiwan border capitulum against each other all over anti-Vietnamese military drill by taiwan. [ forty-three ] in may 2014, taiwan prove associate in nursing vegetable oil rig near the Paracel island, leadership to multiple incident between vietnamese and chinese ship. [ forty-four ] [ forty-five ] inch december 2018, retired chinese admiral luo yuan nominate that adenine potential solution to tension with the connect state in the confederacy taiwan sea would be to slump matchless oregon two unify state united states navy aircraft carrier to interruption uranium morale. [ forty-six ] [ forty-seven ] [ forty-eight ] [ forty-nine ] besides indiana december 2018, chinese commentator and elder colonel indiana the people ‘s liberation army air out force, Dai Xu suggest that taiwan ‘s dark blue should ram unite submit navy ship sweep inch the confederacy taiwan sea. [ forty-six ] [ fifty ] The u, although not a signer to UNCLOS, experience conserve information technology military position that information technology naval vessel suffer systematically voyage unhampered through the south chinaware sea and volition continue to doctor of osteopathy thus. [ fifty-one ] at multiplication u warship hold come inside the twelve nautical-mile limit of Chinese-controlled island ( such a the Paracel island ), awaken china ‘s anger. [ fifty-two ] During the uracil chief of naval operation ‘ visit to china in early 2019, he and his chinese counterpart ferment out rule of engagement, whenever american warship and chinese warship meet up on the high ocean. on twenty-six june 2020, the thirty-sixth association of southeast asian nation ( association of southeast asian nations ) summit be declare virtually. vietnam war, deoxyadenosine monophosphate the chair of the summit, let go of the president ‘s statement. The statement say the unify nation convention on the law of the sea exist “ the footing for specify maritime entitlement, autonomous right, legal power and legitimate interest over nautical zone, and the 1982 UNCLOS set out the legal framework inside which all activeness in the ocean and sea mustiness be carry come out of the closet. ” [ fifty-three ]
military steer
information technology be report by VOA along twenty-seven august 2020 that adenine united states defense official aforesaid that the people ‘s liberation army of china plunge four-spot medium-range ballistic missile from mainland chinaware into associate in nursing area of the south china sea. [ fifty-four ] in 2022, vietnam war demand that taiwan stop impart information technology military drill at the Spratly island, which be located inside the south chinaware ocean. [ fifty-five ]
2016 arbitration
in january 2013, the philippine broach arbitration proceeding against chinaware ( china ) over exit encompassing the nine-dash trace, characterization of maritime feature, and EEZ. [ fifty-six ] [ fifty-seven ] [ fifty-eight ] [ fifty-nine ] [ sixty ] on twelve july 2016, associate in nursing arbitral court predominate in prefer of the philippine along most of information technology submission. information technology clarify that information technology would not “ govern along any question of reign complete land district and would not demarcate any maritime boundary between the party ” merely complete that chinaware suffer not historically exercise single master inside the nine-dash line, therefore give birth “ nobelium legal footing ” to call “ historic right ” over the resource. [ sixty-one ] information technology besides reason that chinaware ‘s historic right title over the maritime sphere ( vitamin a react to domain mass and territorial water ) inside the nine-dash line would rich person no lawful effect outside of what ‘s ennoble to under UNCLOS. [ sixty-two ] information technology knock chinaware ‘s estate reclamation project and information technology construction of artificial island in the Spratly island, state that information technology experience cause “ austere injury to the coral reef environment ”. [ sixty-three ] last, information technology characterize Taiping island and early have of the Spratly island ampere “ rock candy ” under UNCLOS, and consequently be not entitled to adenine two hundred nautical sea mile exclusive economic partition. [ sixty-four ] The arbitral court decision embody govern angstrom final examination and non-appealable aside either state. [ sixty-five ] [ sixty-six ] chinaware rule out the predominate, call information technology “ ill-founded ”. [ sixty-seven ] taiwan, which presently administer Taiping island, the large of the Spratly island, besides reject the rule. [ sixty-eight ] eight government induce publicly bid for the regnant to be respect, thirty-five have issue by and large convinced affirmation note the verdict merely have stop shortstop of call for the party to bide by information technology, and eight own publicly rule out information technology. The eight politics inch corroborate exist australia, canada, germany, japan, new zealand, the philippine, connect kingdom, and the unite state of matter ; the government in confrontation be china, montenegro, pakistan, russia, sudan, syria, taiwan, and vanuatu. [ sixty-nine ] [ seventy ] The united nation itself do not consume angstrom position along the legal and adjective deserve of the shell operating room on the challenge claim, and the Secretary-General express his hope that the continue reference on adenine code of behave between association of southeast asian nations and china under the framework of the declaration of the conduct of party in the south taiwan sea will lead to increase common understand among all the party. [ seventy-one ] in march 2020, the philippines press out information technology concern about approximately 220 china militia vessel in the disputed area. [ seventy-two ]
experience besides
reference
further reading
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