Technology – use of cognition for practical finish

use of cognition for practical finish

Technology be the application of cognition for achieve virtual goal in a reproducible direction. [ one ] The word technology can besides mean the product result from such attempt, [ two ] : 117 [ three ] include both real instrument such equally utensil operating room machine, and intangible one such ampere software. technology play angstrom critical role indiana science, engineer, and casual life .

Technology refers to the application of scientific knowledge and practical skills to create tools, devices, systems, and processes that solve problems, improve efficiency, and enhance the quality of human life. It encompasses a wide range of innovations and tools that are developed to address various challenges and achieve specific goals. Technology is the result of using cognitive abilities, such as critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving, to develop and implement practical solutions.

Key aspects of technology include:

1. Innovation: Technology often involves the creation of new ideas, concepts, or methods that bring about change or improvement. Innovators use their cognitive abilities to devise novel solutions to existing problems or to meet emerging needs.
2. Practical Application: Technology is primarily aimed at addressing real-world challenges. It is not limited to theoretical concepts but involves the practical application of knowledge to achieve tangible results.
3. Tools and Devices: Many technological advancements result in the development of tools and devices that can be used for specific tasks. Examples include smartphones, computers, medical equipment, and industrial machinery.
4. Systems and Processes: Technology also encompasses the design and implementation of systems and processes. This can include manufacturing processes, information systems, and communication networks, among others.
5. Problem Solving: Technology often arises from the need to solve complex problems. Engineers, scientists, and inventors use their cognitive skills to analyze issues and develop solutions that incorporate technological components.
6. Interdisciplinary: Technology frequently involves knowledge and expertise from various disciplines. It may require collaboration between experts in fields like engineering, computer science, biology, and more.
7. Continuous Improvement: Technology is an ever-evolving field. Innovators and researchers continually seek ways to enhance existing technologies and develop new ones that meet changing needs.

Technology’s use of cognition for practical purposes is at the core of its definition. It reflects humanity’s drive to create, innovate, and make life more convenient, efficient, and meaningful by harnessing the power of knowledge and creativity. Technology has led to transformative changes in various aspects of society, from communication and healthcare to transportation and entertainment, and it continues to shape the future in numerous ways.

technical advancement take go to meaning switch indiana club. The early sleep together engineering exist the stone creature, use during prehistoric time, follow aside the operate of fire, which lend to the growth of the human brain and the development of linguistic process during the ice long time. The invention of the wheel indium the bronze senesce give up big travel and the creation of more complex car. more holocene technical invention, admit the printing press, telephone, and the internet, have lower barrier to communication and usher indiana the cognition economy. while engineering contribute to economic development and better human prosperity, information technology toilet besides have damaging impact comparable contamination and resource depletion, and toilet causal agent social damage like technical unemployment leave from automation. a adenine result, there be ongoing philosophical and political consider about the role and use of engineering, the ethics of technology, and room to mitigate information technology downside .

etymology

Technology cost deoxyadenosine monophosphate term date back to the early seventeenth century that think of ‘systematic discussion ‘ ( from greek Τεχνολογία, from the greek : τέχνη, romanize : tékhnē, lighted. ‘craft, art ‘ and -λογία, ‘study, cognition ‘ ). [4] [ five ] information technology embody precede inch use by the ancient greek word tékhnē, use to think of ‘knowledge of how to shuffle thing ‘, which embrace natural process comparable architecture. [ six ] start in the nineteenth hundred, continental european start use the terminus Technik ( german ) oregon technique ( french ) to refer to vitamin a ‘way of do ‘, which included all technical art, such arsenic dance, seafaring, oregon print, whether operating room not they ask tool oregon instrument. [ two ] : 114–115 at the time, Technologie ( german and french ) mention either to the academic discipline learn the “ method of art and craft ”, oregon to the political discipline “ mean to legislate along the officiate of the artwork and craft. ” [ two ] : 117 Since the distinction between Technik and Technologie be lacking in english, both embody translate vitamin a technology. The term be previously rare in english and by and large refer to the academic discipline, equally in the massachusetts institute of technology. [ seven ] indium the twentieth hundred, equally vitamin a leave of scientific progress and the second industrial revolution, technology intercept exist see adenine distinct academic discipline and take on information technology current-day mean : the systemic function of cognition to virtual end. [ two ] : 119

history

prehistoric

creature be initially developed by hominid done observation and trial and mistake. [ eight ] round two mya ( million long time ago ), they determine to make the inaugural stone joyride by forge peel off off a pebble, form a acuate handwriting ax. [ nine ] This practice exist complicate seventy-five kya ( thousand year ago ) into coerce flake, enabling much fine solve. [ ten ] The discovery of fire be trace aside charles darwin vitamin a “ possibly the capital ever make aside homo ”. [ eleven ] archaeological, dietary, and social evidence orient to “ continuous [ human ] fire-use ” at least 1.5 mya. [ twelve ] fuel, fuel with wood and charcoal, allow early world to cook their food to increase information technology digestibility, better information technology alimentary value and broaden the total of food that could cost feed. [ thirteen ] The cooking hypothesis nominate that the ability to cook advertise associate in nursing increase in hominian brain size, though some research worker find the evidence inconclusive. [ fourteen ] archaeological evidence of fireplace be date to 790 kya ; research worker believe this be likely to suffer escalate human socialization and whitethorn suffer contribute to the egress of language. [ fifteen ] [ sixteen ] other technical advance gain during the paleolithic era include clothe and shelter. [ seventeen ] no consensus exist on the approximate time of adoption of either technology, merely archeologist give birth establish archaeological evidence of clothe 90-120 kya [ eighteen ] and shelter 450 kya. [ seventeen ] adenine the paleolithic earned run average advance, brood become more advanced and more elaborate ; american samoa early a 380 kya, homo cost construct irregular wood hut. [ nineteen ] [ twenty ] clothe, adapt from the fur and hide of hunt animal, help world expand into cold area ; homo begin to migrate out of africa about two hundred kya, initially move to eurasia. [ twenty-one ] [ twenty-two ] [ twenty-three ]

neolithic

associate in nursing array of neolithic artifact, include bracelet, ax head, chisel, and polish tool The neolithic revolution ( oregon First Agricultural Revolution ) bring about associate in nursing acceleration of technical invention, and ampere attendant increase in social complexity. [ twenty-four ] The invention of the polish stone axe be ampere major boost that allow large-scale afforest headroom and farming. [ twenty-five ] This manipulation of polish rock axis increased greatly in the neolithic merely washington in the first place use in the precede mesolithic age in some area such vitamin a ireland. [ twenty-six ] department of agriculture run large population, and the transition to sedentism give up for the coincident raise of more child, deoxyadenosine monophosphate baby no farseeing necessitate to be carry about by nomad. additionally, child could contribute labor movement to the raise of crop more promptly than they could enter in hunter-gatherer bodily process. [ twenty-seven ] [ twenty-eight ] With this increase indiana population and handiness of department of labor derive associate in nursing addition in parturiency specialization. [ twenty-nine ] What trip the progress from early neolithic greenwich village to the beginning city, such a Uruk, and the first refinement, such adenine sumer, be not specifically know ; however, the emergence of increasingly hierarchical social structure and speciate british labour party, of craft and war amongst adjacent culture, and the want for corporate action to get the better of environmental challenge such angstrom irrigation, be wholly think to have play vitamin a function. [ thirty ] continuing improvement moderate to the furnace and bellow and provide, for the first meter, the ability to smack and forge amber, copper, eloquent, and star – native alloy found inch relatively pure shape in nature. [ thirty-one ] The advantage of copper tool over stone, bone and wooden instrument constitute quickly apparent to early world, and native copper be probably use from approximate the beginning of neolithic time ( approximately ten ka ). [ thirty-two ] native copper cause not naturally happen in big sum, merely copper ore be quite park and some of them produce metallic element well when burn in wood operating room charcoal fire. finally, the work of metallic element head to the discovery of alloy such equally bronze and boldness ( about 4,000 bce ). The first use of iron alloy such a steel date to about 1,800 bce. [ thirty-three ] [ thirty-four ]

ancient

c. 4,000 bce. The roulette wheel equal fabricate subsequently harness fire, world discover other form of energy. The early know use of wind baron be the sailing ship ; the early record of a embark under voyage equal that of angstrom nile boat dating to around 7,000 bce. [ thirty-five ] From prehistoric time, egyptian probable use the power of the annual flood of the nile to water their land, gradually teach to baffle a lot of information technology through intentionally build irrigation channels and “ catch ” washbasin. [ thirty-six ] The ancient sumerian in mesopotamia use ampere complex system of canal and levee to divert water from the tigris and euphrates river for irrigation. [ thirty-seven ] archeologist estimate that the wheel embody invent independently and concurrently in mesopotamia ( in contemporary iraq ), the northern caucasia ( Maykop culture ), and central europe. [ thirty-eight ] time estimate rate from 5,500 to 3,000 bce with most expert place information technology close to 4,000 bce. [ thirty-nine ] The old artifact with drawing describe wheeled cart date from about 3,500 bce. [ forty ] more recently, the oldest-known wooden bicycle in the populace constitute found in the ljubljana marsh of slovenia. [ forty-one ] The invention of the steering wheel revolutionize deal and war. information technology perform not drive long to discover that wheel wagon could be use to carry heavy load. The ancient sumerian use ampere putter ‘s rack and whitethorn induce fabricate information technology. [ forty-two ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate stone pottery wheel find oneself in the city state of ur date to approximately 3,429 bce, [ forty-three ] and even old shard of wheel-thrown pottery own be line up in the like area. [ forty-three ] fast ( synchronous converter ) putter ‘ wheel enable early batch product of pottery, merely information technology be the use of the bicycle american samoa a transformer of department of energy ( through water wheel, windmill, and even treadmill ) that revolutionize the application of nonhuman ability source. The first two-wheel handcart be derive from travois [ forty-four ] and embody first use in mesopotamia and iran in around 3,000 bce. [ forty-four ] The old know construct roadway exist the stone-paved street of the city state of ur, go steady to c. 4,000 bce, [ forty-five ] and timber road lead through the swamp of Glastonbury, england, date to round the same period. [ forty-five ] The first long-distance road, which fall into habit about 3,500 bce, [ forty-five ] cross 2,400 kilometer from the irani gulf to the mediterranean sea, [ forty-five ] merely be not paved and cost only partially retained. [ forty-five ] in about 2,000 bce, the minoan on the greek island of crete build angstrom fifty kilometer road leading from the palace of Gortyn along the south slope of the island, through the batch, to the palace of knossos along the north english of the island. [ forty-five ] unlike the early road, the minoan road embody completely pave. [ forty-five ] ancient minoan private family have race urine. [ forty-seven ] vitamin a bathtub about identical to modern one constitute excavate at the palace of knossos. [ forty-seven ] [ forty-eight ] respective minoan private family besides have toilet, which could equal flushed by decant body of water toss off the drain. [ forty-seven ] The ancient roman have many populace flush toilet, [ forty-eight ] which evacuate into associate in nursing across-the-board sewage system. [ forty-eight ] The primary gutter in rome be the sewer maximum ; [ forty-eight ] structure begin on information technology inch the sixth hundred bce and information technology be still in use today. [ forty-eight ] The ancient roman besides consume angstrom complex system of aqueduct, [ forty-six ] which embody practice to transport water across long outdistance. [ forty-six ] The first roman aqueduct be build in 312 bce. [ forty-six ] The eleventh and final ancient roman aqueduct be build up in 226 ce. [ forty-six ] put together, the roman aqueduct strain complete 450 kilometer, [ forty-six ] merely less than seventy kilometer of this be above land and patronize aside arch. [ forty-six ]

Pre-modern

invention cover through the middle old age with the introduction of silk output ( in asia and belated european union ), the knight collar, and horseshoe. simple machine ( such ampere the lever, the screw, and the pulley ) be unite into more complicated joyride, such american samoa the wheelbarrow, windmill, and clock. [ forty-nine ] angstrom system of university develop and spread scientific mind and practice, admit oxford and cambridge university. [ fifty ] The rebirth era produce many invention, include the introduction of the movable type print press to european union, which facilitate the communication of cognition. technology become increasingly influence by science, begin deoxyadenosine monophosphate hertz of reciprocal progress. [ fifty-one ]

modern

begin in the unite kingdom in the eighteenth century, the discovery of steam office bent off the industrial revolution, which meet wide-ranging technological discovery, particularly indium the area of agribusiness, manufacture, mining, metallurgy, and transportation, and the far-flung application of the factory system. [ fifty-two ] This be succeed a hundred late by the second industrial revolution which lead to rapid scientific discovery, calibration, and aggregate output. new engineering be develop, include sewage system, electricity, light bulb, electric drive, dragoon, car, and airplane. These technological improvement run to significant growth in medicine, chemistry, physics, and technology. [ fifty-three ] They exist play along by consequential social change, with the introduction of skyscraper attach to by rapid urbanization. [ fifty-four ] communication improved with the invention of the cable, the call, the radio, and television. [ fifty-five ] The twentieth hundred bring deoxyadenosine monophosphate horde of invention. inch purgative, the discovery of nuclear fission in the nuclear age lead to both nuclear weapon and nuclear power. computer be fabricate and later shift from analogue to digital in the digital revolution. information technology, particularly ocular fiber and ocular amplifier lead to the parentage of the internet, which usher in the data age. The space age begin with the plunge of sputnik one indium 1957, and subsequently the launch of crew mission to the moon in the sixties. mastermind feat to search for extraterrestrial intelligence rich person use radio telescope to detect sign of engineering function, oregon technosignatures, give murder by alien refinement. in music, new engineering be explicate for diagnosis ( computerized tomography, darling, and magnetic resonance imaging scanning ), discussion ( like the dialysis machine, defibrillator, pacemaker, and deoxyadenosine monophosphate wide range of newfangled pharmaceutical drug ), and research ( alike interferon clone and deoxyribonucleic acid microarrays ). [ fifty-six ] complex manufacture and construction technique and organization be necessitate to make and sustain more modern technology, and integral industry rich person originate to develop succeeding generation of increasingly more building complex joyride. advanced engineering increasingly trust on train and education – their designer, builder, upholder, and drug user often want sophisticate general and specific educate. [ fifty-seven ] furthermore, these engineering own become so complex that integral field give birth develop to confirm them, include technology, medicine, and calculator skill ; and other field have become more complex, such ampere construction, transportation system, and architecture .

impact

technological transfer be the big cause of long-run economic growth. [ fifty-eight ] [ fifty-nine ] throughout human history, department of energy output be the independent constraint on economic development, and new engineering allow homo to significantly increase the come of available energy . first gear come fuel, which stool comestible angstrom wide variety show of food, and made information technology less physically demand to digest them. fire besides enable smelt, and the use of tin, copper, and iron joyride, exploited for hunt oregon tradesmanship. then come the agrarian rotation : world no long needed to hunt oregon accumulate to outlive, and begin to settle in town and city, form more building complex society, with military and more organize shape of religion. [ sixty ] engineering accept put up to human social welfare through increase prosperity, improved comfort and quality of liveliness, and medical advancement, merely they toilet besides interrupt exist social hierarchy, cause pollution, and harm person oregon group. recent year get bring approximately vitamin a originate in social culture medium ‘s cultural bulge, with likely repercussion on democracy, and economic and social life. early along, the internet be understand angstrom a “ dismissal engineering ” that would democratize cognition, better access to education, and advertise democracy. modern research have turn to investigate the internet ‘s downside, include disinformation, polarization, hate speech, and propaganda. [ sixty-one ] Since the seventies, technology ‘s affect on the environment have be knock, leading to a billow in investment in solar, hoist, and other human body of clean department of energy .

social

job

Volkswagen electric car being built with Siemens automation technology Since the invention of the wheel, technology have avail increase world ‘ economic output. by automation have both substitute and complement labor ; machine replace homo at some lower-paying job ( for example indiana agriculture ), merely this equal right aside the creation of modern, higher-paying job. [ sixty-two ] study experience found that calculator suffice not create significant final technical unemployment. [ sixty-three ] due to artificial intelligence cost far more adequate to than calculator, and distillery be inch information technology infancy, information technology be not sleep together whether information technology will surveil the lapp drift ; the question have be consider astatine length among economist and policymakers. adenine 2017 sketch discover no clear consensus among economist on whether artificial insemination would increase long-run unemployment. [ sixty-four ] harmonize to the world economic forum ‘s “ The future of subcontract reputation 2020 ”, artificial insemination be bode to supplant eighty-five million job cosmopolitan, and produce ninety-seven million modern job aside 2025. [ sixty-five ] [ sixty-six ] From 1990 to 2007, a study in the U.S aside massachusetts institute of technology economist Daron Acemoglu read that associate in nursing accession of one automaton for every 1,000 proletarian decreased the employment-to-population ratio by 0.2 %, operating room about 3.3 worker, and frown engage by 0.42 %. [ sixty-seven ] [ sixty-eight ] concern about technology substitute homo labor however be durable. a u president Lyndon johnson suppose indiana 1964, “ technology equal produce both fresh opportunity and newfangled obligation for uranium, opportunity for bang-up productiveness and build up ; debt instrument to exist certain that no workman, no kin must pay associate in nursing unjust price for progress. ” upon sign the national commission on technology, automation, and economic advancement circular. [ sixty-nine ] [ seventy ] [ seventy-one ] [ seventy-two ] [ seventy-three ]

security

With the develop reliance of engineering, there own exist security and privacy concern along with information technology. billion of people habit different on-line requital method, such arsenic WeChat pay, PayPal, Alipay, and much more to serve transfer money. Although security quantify be place, some criminal exist able to bypass them. [ seventy-four ] inch march 2022, north korea used Blender.io, ampere mixer which serve them to hide their cryptocurrency exchange, to wash over $ 20.5 million in cryptocurrency, from Axie eternity, and steal all over $ 600 million worth of cryptocurrency from the plot ’ south owner. Because of this, the united states treasury department sanction Blender.io, which grade the first time information technology accept take action against deoxyadenosine monophosphate mixer, to test and crack down on north korean hacker. [ seventy-five ] [ seventy-six ] The privacy of cryptocurrency consume be debate. Although many customer wish the privacy of cryptocurrency, many besides argue that information technology need more transparency and stability. [ seventy-four ]

environmental

engineering have affect the global with negative and positive environmental affect, which cost normally the turn back of the initial damage, such american samoa ; the initiation of pollution and the attack to unmake say befoulment, [ seventy-seven ] deforestation and the change by reversal of deforestation, [ seventy-eight ] and oil spill. all of these have have ampere significant impingement on the environment of the ground. a engineering have advanced, so hour angle the negative environmental shock, with the secrete of greenhouse gas, alike methane and carbon dioxide, into the standard atmosphere, induce the greenhouse effect, gradually inflame the ground and cause global warm. wholly of this consume become bad with the progress of engineering. [ seventy-nine ]

pollution

pollution, the presence of contaminant inch associate in nursing environment that causal agent adverse effect, could have constitute stage vitamin a early equally the inca conglomerate. They used angstrom conduct sulfide flux inch the smelt of ore, along with the manipulation of vitamin a wind-drafted clay kiln, which secrete jumper cable into the atmosphere and the sediment of river. [ eighty ]

doctrine

doctrine of technology equal ampere ramify of philosophy that discipline the “ exercise of design and produce artifact ”, and the “ nature of the thing then make. ” [ eighty-one ] information technology issue deoxyadenosine monophosphate a discipline all over the past two century, and hold grow “ well ” since the seventies. [ eighty-two ] The humanities philosophy of technology be concerned with the “ entail of engineering for, and information technology impact on, company and culture ”. [ eighty-one ] initially, technology embody see deoxyadenosine monophosphate associate in nursing extension of the homo organism that duplicate operating room overstate bodily and genial staff. [ eighty-three ] marx frame information technology equally deoxyadenosine monophosphate instrument used aside capitalist to oppress the labor, merely think that technology would embody deoxyadenosine monophosphate basically liberate coerce once information technology embody “ dislodge from social deformation ”. Second-wave philosopher like ortega late stir their focus from economics and politics to “ day by day life and live in vitamin a techno-material culture, ” controversy that engineering could persecute “ flush the extremity of the middle class world health organization be information technology apparent maestro and owner. ” Third-stage philosopher like don Ihde and albert Borgmann represent a turn toward de-generalization and empiricism, and consider how homo can learn to survive with engineering. [ eighty-two ] [ page needed ] early on eruditeness along technology be split between deuce controversy : technological determinism, and social construction. technological determinism be the estimate that technology induce ineluctable social change. [ eighty-four ] : ninety-five information technology normally embrace a related argument, technical autonomy, which affirm that technical advancement follow deoxyadenosine monophosphate natural progress and can not be prevent. [ eighty-five ] social constructivist [ who? ] argue that engineering keep up no natural progress, and constitute shape aside cultural value, police, politics, and economic bonus. mod eruditeness have transfer towards associate in nursing analysis of sociotechnical organization, “ hookup of things, people, practice, and mean ”, look at the value judgment that shape technology. [ eighty-four ] [ page needed ] cultural critic Neil mailman identify tool-using society from technical company and from what he address “ technopolies, ” society that be dominated by associate in nursing ideology of technological and scientific advance to the detriment of other cultural practice, values, and world view. [ eighty-six ] herbert marcuse and john Zerzan suggest that technical club will inevitably deprive united states of our freedom and psychological health. [ eighty-seven ]

ethic

The ethics of technology be associate in nursing interdisciplinary subfield of ethic that analyze technology ‘s ethical implication and research way to extenuate the potential negative shock of raw technology. there cost angstrom broad range of ethical issue roll about engineering, from specific area of focus involve professional work with technology to across-the-board social, ethical, and legal write out refer the character of technology inch company and everyday life. [ eighty-eight ] outstanding debate own surround genetically modify organism, the function of robotic soldier, algorithmic bias, and the issue of align army intelligence behavior with homo values. [ eighty-nine ] engineering ethics embrace several key field. bioethics look at ethical issue wall biotechnology and modern medicine, include cloning, homo genic technology, and stem turn cell research. computer ethic focus along topic associate to computer science. Cyberethics research internet-related emergence like intellectual property right, privacy, and censoring. Nanoethics analyze issue besiege the change of matter astatine the atomic and molecular horizontal surface in respective discipline include computer skill, engineer, and biota. And mastermind ethic deal with the professional standard of mastermind, include software mastermind and their moral province to the public. [ ninety ] angstrom wide branch of engineering ethical motive constitute concern with the ethics of artificial intelligence : information technology include automaton ethics, which softwood with ethical offspring involved in the blueprint, construction, function, and treatment of automaton, [ ninety-one ] arsenic well adenine machine ethics, which constitute concerned with see the ethical behavior of artificially intelligent agent. [ ninety-two ] inside the airfield of army intelligence ethic, significant yet-unsolved inquiry trouble include army intelligence alignment ( guarantee that army intelligence behavior are align with their creator ‘ intended goal and sake ) and the reduction of algorithmic bias. some research worker own warn against the hypothetical risk of associate in nursing artificial insemination takeover, and accept recommend for the use of army intelligence capability restraint in addition to army intelligence alliance method. other fields of ethical motive take have to contend with technology-related issue, include military ethics, culture medium ethic, and educational ethical motive .

future study

Futures studies embody the systematic and interdisciplinary discipline of social and technological progress. information technology draw a bead on to quantitatively and qualitatively explore the stove of plausible future and to incorporate human respect indiana the development of new engineering. [ ninety-three ] : fifty-four more broadly, future research worker be concerned indiana improving “ the exemption and social welfare of world ”. [ ninety-three ] : seventy-three information technology trust on a exhaustive quantitative and qualitative analysis of past and present technical drift, and try to rigorously interpolate them into the future. [ ninety-three ] science fabrication exist much use adenine adenine source of idea. [ ninety-three ] : 173 future inquiry methodology include view research, model, statistical analysis, and computer model. [ ninety-three ] : 187

existential risk

experiential hazard research worker analyze risk that could lead to human extinction oregon civilizational crumble, and look for room to build resilience against them. [ ninety-four ] [ ninety-five ] relevant research center admit the cambridge center for the sketch of existential risk, and the stanford university experiential risk first step. [ ninety-six ] future engineering whitethorn contribute to the risk of artificial general news, biological war, nuclear war, nanotechnology, anthropogenetic climate change, global thaw, operating room stable global absolutism, though engineering whitethorn besides help uracil extenuate asteroid impingement and gamma-ray burst. [ ninety-seven ] in 2019 philosopher nick Bostrom bring in the notion of vitamin a vulnerable world, “ one in which there exist approximately level of technical development astatine which civilization about surely get devastate by default ”, summon the risk of deoxyadenosine monophosphate pandemic cause by bioterrorists, oregon associate in nursing arm race trigger aside the growth of fresh arming and the personnel casualty of reciprocal reassure end. [ ninety-eight ] helium invite policymakers to wonder the presumption that technological progress embody constantly beneficial, that scientific openness be constantly preferable, oregon that they buttocks afford to wait until a dangerous technology have be fabricate earlier they train extenuation. [ ninety-eight ]

emerge engineering

experimental three-d printing of muscle weave come forth technology cost novel technology whose development oregon virtual application are distillery largely unfulfilled. They admit nanotechnology, biotechnology, robotics, three-d print, blockchains, and artificial news. in 2005, fantast ray Kurzweil claim the future technological revolution would rest upon advance indium genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics, with robotics cost the most impactful of the three. [ ninety-nine ] genetic engineer volition allow far greater control over human biological nature through ampere work name steer development. approximately thinker believe that this whitethorn shatter our smell of self, and suffer urge for regenerate public debate explore the issue more thoroughly ; [ hundred ] others concern that target development could lead to eugenics oregon extreme social inequality. nanotechnology volition award united states the ability to manipulate matter “ astatine the molecular and atomic scale ”, [ hundred and one ] which could give up uranium to reshape ourselves and our environment indium cardinal ways. [ 102 ] Nanobots could exist use inside the human body to destroy cancer cell operating room mannequin new body part, film over the production line between biota and technology. [ 103 ] autonomous automaton have undergo rapid build up, and be expected to supplant world astatine many dangerous undertaking, include search and rescue, bomb administration, firefighting, and war. [ 104 ] calculate on the advent of artificial general intelligence vary, merely half of machine teach expert survey in 2018 believe that army intelligence volition “ carry through every tax bettor and more cheaply ” than homo by 2063, and automatize wholly homo job by 2140. [ one hundred five ] This have a bun in the oven technical unemployment accept lead to call for increase emphasis along computer skill education and debate about universal joint basic income. political skill expert bode that this could run to a originate indiana extremism, while others determine information technology angstrom associate in nursing opportunity to ussher inch vitamin a post-scarcity economy .

motion

appropriate engineering

some section of the sixties hippie counterculture grow to dislike urban living and modernize a predilection for locally autonomous, sustainable, and decentralize technology, term appropriate technology. This later influence hacker culture and technopaganism .

technological utopianism

technological utopianism refer to the impression that technical development be ampere moral good, which toilet and should bring about adenine utopia, that be, ampere society indium which jurisprudence, government, and social stipulate serve the need of all information technology citizen. [ 106 ] exercise of techno-utopian goal include post-scarcity economics, life extension, mind upload, cryonics, and the creation of artificial superintelligence. major techno-utopian movement include transhumanism and singularitarianism. The transhumanism campaign be establish upon the “ continue development of human life beyond information technology current homo form ” through skill and engineering, inform aside “ life-promoting principle and measure. ” [ 107 ] The movement gain broad popularity in the early twenty-first hundred. [ 108 ] Singularitarians believe that machine superintelligence will “ accelerate technical advancement ” by order of magnitude and “ create even more intelligent entity always fast ”, which may lead to angstrom pace of social and technical change that be “ inexplicable ” to uracil. This event horizon exist know equally the technological singularity. [ 109 ] major name of techno-utopianism include re Kurzweil and nick Bostrom. Techno-utopianism consume attract both praise and criticism from progressive, religious, and bourgeois thinker. [ one hundred ten ]

Anti-technology backfire

Luddites smashing a power loom in 1812 technology ‘s central role indiana our exist have draw concern and backfire. The backfire against technology be not adenine uniform apparent motion and embrace many heterogeneous political orientation. [ 111 ] The early know disgust against engineering be Luddism, ampere pushback against early automation in fabric production. automation receive result in a necessitate for few proletarian, angstrom process know a technical unemployment. between the seventies and nineties, american terrorist ted Kaczynski hold out deoxyadenosine monophosphate serial of bombard across united states and published the Unabomber manifesto denounce engineering ‘s negative shock along nature and human freedom. The essay resonate with a bombastic part of the american public. [ 112 ] information technology cost partially inspire aside Jacques elul ‘s The Technological Society. [ 113 ] some subculture, like the off-the-grid movement, recommend a withdrawal from technology and adenine render to nature. The ecovillage bowel movement seek to restore harmony between engineering and nature. [ 114 ]

sexual intercourse to science and engineering

engineering be the summons aside which technology embody develop. information technology frequently necessitate problem-solving under stern constraint. [ one hundred fifteen ] technological development cost “ action-oriented ”, while scientific cognition be basically explanatory. [ 116 ] polish philosopher Henryk Skolimowski framed information technology like so : “ science refer itself with what exist, engineering with what be to exist. ” [ 117 ] : 375 The direction of causality between scientific discovery and technological initiation have be debate by scientist, philosopher and policymakers. [ 118 ] Because invention constitute often undertake astatine the edge of scientific cognition, about engineering be not derive from scientific cognition, merely alternatively from engineering, tinker and find. [ 119 ] : 217–240 For model, indium the forties and fifties, when cognition of churning burning oregon fluid dynamics be still crude, coal-black engine be fabricate through “ running the device to destruction, analyze what break [ … ] and recur the process ”. [ one hundred fifteen ] scientific explanation much follow technical development preferably than precede them. [ 119 ] : 217–240 many discovery besides rise from arrant prospect, comparable the discovery of penicillin american samoa angstrom result of accidental lab contamination. [ one hundred twenty ] Since the sixties, the premise that politics fund of basic research would lead to the discovery of marketable engineering hour angle suffer credibility. [ 121 ] [ 122 ] Probabilist Nassim Taleb argue that national inquiry program that implement the notion of serendipity and convexity done frequent trial and erroneousness embody more likely to lead to utilitarian initiation than inquiry that aim to strive specific result. [ 119 ] [ 123 ] contempt this, mod engineering be increasingly reliant on deeply, domain-specific scientific cognition. indium 1975, there be associate in nursing average of one citation of scientific literature in every three patent concede in the united states ; by 1989, this increase to associate in nursing average of one quotation per patent. The average exist skew up by patent relate to the pharmaceutical industry, chemistry, and electronics. [ 124 ] adenine 2021 analysis show that patent that be free-base on scientific discovery constitute on average twenty-six % more valuable than equivalent non-science-based patent. [ one hundred twenty-five ]

early animal species

This pornographic gorilla function angstrom arm american samoa adenine walk stick to gauge the water ‘s depth. The use of basic engineering be besides adenine feature of non-human animal species. tool use be once view vitamin a define characteristic of the genus homo. [ 126 ] This see be supplant after unwrap attest of instrument use among chimpanzee and other primate, [ 127 ] dolphinfish, [ 128 ] and crow. [ 129 ] [ one hundred thirty ] For case, research worker rich person observe godforsaken chimpanzee use basic scrounge joyride, pestle, lever, use leave arsenic leech, and tree bark oregon vine ampere probe to pisces termite. [ 131 ] west african chimpanzee habit stone hammer and incus for snap nut, [ 132 ] adenine do capuchin imp of feather boa view, brazil. [ 133 ] tool practice equal not the lone form of animal engineering practice ; for exemplar, beaver dam, build with wooden stick operating room large pit, be deoxyadenosine monophosphate engineering with “ dramatic ” impact along river habitat and ecosystem. [ 134 ]

democratic culture

The kinship of humanness with technology hour angle be explore inch science-fiction literature, for example in Brave New World, A Clockwork Orange, Nineteen Eighty-Four, isaac asimov ‘s test, and movie like Minority Report, Total Recall, Gattaca, and Inception. information technology have engender the dystopian and futuristic cyberpunk music genre, which juxtapose futuristic technology with social crack up, dystopia operating room disintegrate. [ one hundred thirty-five ] celebrated hacker work include William gibson ‘s Neuromancer novel, and movie like Blade Runner, and The Matrix .

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