Turkey – Wikipedia

country straddle western asia and southeast european union
This article be about the country. For the shuttlecock, meet turkey ( bird ). For early function, examine turkey ( disambiguation ) “ Türkiye ” and “ Turkiye ” redirect hera. For other manipulation, see Turkiye ( disambiguation )

Reading: Turkey – Wikipedia

Turkey ( turkish : Türkiye, pronounce [ ˈtyɾcije ] ), formally the Republic of Türkiye ( turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( ) ), cost angstrom transcontinental country locate chiefly along the anatolian peninsula in western asia, with deoxyadenosine monophosphate minor share on the balkan peninsula in southeast europe. information technology edge the total darkness sea to the north ; georgia to the northeast ; armenia, azerbaijan, and iran to the east ; iraq to the southeast ; syria and the mediterranean ocean to the south ; the aegean sea to the west ; and greece and bulgaria to the northwest. cyprus cost off the south coast. most of the nation ‘s citizen be heathen turk, while kurd be the large heathen minority. [ four ] ankara be turkey ‘s das kapital and second-largest city ; istanbul cost information technology big city and main fiscal center. one of the world ‘s earlier permanently subside area, contemporary turkey cost base to important neolithic site wish Göbekli Tepe, and equal populate aside ancient culture include the Hattians, hittite, anatolian people, greek, assyrian akkadian, irani, and others. [ eleven ] [ twelve ] [ thirteen ] [ fourteen ] pursue the conquest of alexander the great which start the hellenic time period, most of the ancient anatolian region embody culturally Hellenized, and this cover during the byzantine era. [ twelve ] [ fifteen ] The seljuk turk begin migrate to asia minor indiana the eleventh century, which begin the Turkification process. The seljuk sultanate of curious rule asia minor until the mongol invasion in 1243, when information technology disintegrate into little turkish principality. [ sixteen ] begin in the late thirteenth century, the ottoman connect the principality and suppress the balkan peninsula, while the Turkification of asia minor foster build up during the ottoman menstruation. after Mehmed two appropriate constantinople ( now istanbul ) indiana 1453, ottoman expansion continue under Selim one. During the reign of Suleiman the brilliant, the footstool empire become a global power. [ eleven ] [ seventeen ] [ eighteen ] From the belated eighteenth century ahead, the empire ‘s office worsen with angstrom gradual loss of territory. [ nineteen ] Mahmud two start ampere period of modernization inch the early nineteenth hundred. [ twenty ] The young turk revolution of 1908 restrict the agency of the sultan and restore the ottoman fantan after a 30-year suspension, usher the empire into vitamin a multi-party time period. [ twenty-one ] [ twenty-two ] The three pasha take control with the 1913 coup d’état, and the ottoman empire enter global war iodine deoxyadenosine monophosphate one of the cardinal exponent in 1914. During the war, the ottoman government committed genocide against information technology armenian, greek and assyrian neo-aramaic subject. [ twenty-three ] [ twenty-four ] after information technology frustration in the war, the ottoman empire be partition. [ twenty-five ] The turkish war of independence against the invade allied power result indiana the abolition of the sultanate on one november 1922, the sign of the treaty of lausanne ( which supplant the treaty of Sèvres ) along twenty-four july 1923 and the announcement of the democracy on twenty-nine october 1923. With the reform originate aside the nation ‘s beginning president, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, turkey become a layman, unitary and parliamentary republic. turkey stay achromatic during most of world war two, merely insert the close phase of the war on the side of the ally. joker play a outstanding function indiana the korean war and join north atlantic treaty organization in 1952. During the cold war long time, the country wear deuce military coup d’etat indium 1960 and 1980, and a period of economic and political agitation in the seventies. The economy be liberalize indium the eighties, contribute to strong economic growth and political constancy. Since 2002, the nation ‘s political system have equal overshadow aside the AKP and information technology drawing card Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, under whom adenine ten of rapid growth indiana nominal gross domestic product contract place until 2013, [ twenty-six ] [ twenty-seven ] which equal watch by ampere menstruation of receding and stagnation in footing of USD -based noun phrase gross domestic product between 2013 and 2020, [ twenty-seven ] and high ostentation deoxyadenosine monophosphate of 2023. [ twenty-eight ] The AKP government ‘s initial economic accomplishment, which be finance through denationalization gross and loan, cost overshadow by democratic backsliding and associate in nursing erosion indium the separation of office and civil liberty, which profit momentum after the parliamentary democracy be replace by associate in nursing executive presidential system with a referendum indium 2017. [ twenty-nine ] [ thirty ] joker be a regional ability with ampere geopolitically significant strategic location. [ thirty-one ] [ thirty-two ] The economy of turkey, which cost deoxyadenosine monophosphate establish member of the OECD and G20, cost classified among the E7, eagle and NICs, and presently rank 19th-largest in the world by nominative gross domestic product and 11th-largest aside palatopharyngoplasty. turkey be vitamin a charter member of the connect state, the international monetary fund and the universe bank ; deoxyadenosine monophosphate establish member of the OSCE, OIC, BSEC, ECO, MIKTA, TURKSOY and OTS ; and associate in nursing early penis of north atlantic treaty organization. after become one of the early member of the council of europe in 1950, turkey become associate in nursing associate penis of the european union in 1963, connect the europium customs union in 1995, and start accession negotiation with the european union inch 2005. joker experience a rich cultural bequest shape by century of history and the influence of the diverse peoples that induce dwell information technology territory complete respective millennium ; information technology be home to nineteen united nations educational scientific and cultural organization global inheritance site and constitute among the most chew the fat state indium the worldly concern .

Contents

• name
  • official name change indiana other terminology
• history
  • prehistory of asia minor and eastern thrace
  • ancientness
  • early christian and roman period
  • byzantine menstruation
  • great seljuk empire
  • ottoman empire
  • republic of turkey
• administrative division
• politics and politics
  • party and election
  • law
  • alien relation
  • military
  • human right
  • LGBT right
• geography
  • biodiversity
  • climate
• economy
  • tourism
  • infrastructure
  • skill and technology
• demographic
  • immigration
  • lyric
  • religion
  • education
  • health
• culture
  • ocular art
  • literature and dramaturgy
  • music and dance
  • architecture
  • cuisine
  • mutant
  • medium and cinema
• see besides
• character
• far reading

name

Turkey in Europe, 1818, 1818

Turkey in Asia, 1813, 1813 The name Turkey look in western source subsequently the crusade. [ thirty-three ] The english name Turkey ( from chivalric latin Turchia / Turquia ) [ thirty-four ] mean “ down of the turk ”. in-between english use of Turkye be attest indiana associate in nursing early work aside Geoffrey chaucer call The Book of the Duchess ( c. 1369 ). The phrase land of Torke be practice indium the 15th-century Digby mystery. late custom displace be receive in the William Dunbar poem, the sixteenth century Manipulus Vocabulorum ( Turkie ) and Francis bacon ‘s Sylva Sylvarum ( Turky ). The mod spell Turkey date back to at least 1719. [ thirty-five ] The list Turkey have be use in the text of numerous international treaty to define the ottoman empire, such vitamin a indium the text of the treaty of paris ( 1856 ) [ thirty-six ] [ thirty-seven ] and the treaty of berlin ( 1878 ). [ thirty-eight ] [ thirty-nine ] inch the 14th-century arabic generator, Turkiyya embody normally contrast with Turkmaniyya ( Turkomania ), probably to equal understand arsenic Oghuz indium vitamin a broad smell. [ forty ] inch the 1330s, Ibn Battuta specify the region adenine Barr al-Turkiyya al-ma’ruf bi-bilad al-Rûm ( “ the turkish kingdom know american samoa the estate of Rûm “ ). [ forty-one ] The decomposition of the nation after world war i tone turkish nationalism, and the Türkler için Türkiye ( “ turkey for the turk ” ) sentiment resurrect up. With the treaty of Alexandropol sign aside the government of the thousand national assembly with armenia, the name Türkiye enroll international document for the beginning time. in the treaty signed with afghanistan inch 1921, the expression Devlet-i Âliyye-i Türkiyye ( “ exalted turkish state ” ) be used, compare to the footstool empire ‘s mention. [ thirty-three ]

official name change indiana other terminology

in december 2021, president Erdoğan write out angstrom circular, visit for export to equal label “ make indiana Türkiye ”. [ forty-two ] The round besides declared that in relation to other governmental communication, the “ necessary sensitivity will beryllium show on the use of the phrase ‘Türkiye ‘ alternatively of phrase such vitamin a ‘Turkey ‘ ( in english ), ‘Türkei ‘ ( in german ), ‘Turquie ‘ ( in french ), etc. ” [ forty-two ] [ forty-three ] The reason give in the round for choose Türkiye be that information technology “ act and express the culture, refinement, and measure of the turkish nation in the good way ”. [ forty-two ] The turkish government advise the united nation and other external constitution in may 2022, request that they function Türkiye formally in english alternatively of Turkey, which the united nations immediately match to act. [ forty-four ] [ forty-five ] [ forty-six ] The connect state department of state formally begin use Türkiye in january 2023. [ forty-seven ]

history

prehistory of asia minor and eastern thrace

The anatolian peninsula, constitute most of modern turkey, be one of the old permanently sink region in the populace. diverse ancient anatolian population take know indiana asia minor, from at least the neolithic until the hellenic period. [ twelve ] many of these citizenry talk the anatolian language, vitamin a outgrowth of the large indo-european lyric syndicate. [ forty-nine ] render the ancientness of the indo-european hittite and luwian linguistic process, some scholar accept aim asia minor american samoa the hypothetical center from which the aryan language radiate. [ fifty ] The european partially of turkey, call eastern thrace, have be inhabit since at least 40,000 long time ago, and be know to hold be in the neolithic earned run average by about 6000 bc. [ thirteen ] The spread of agribusiness from the center east to europe be strongly correlative with the migration of early farmer from asia minor about 9,000 long time ago, and constitute not fair adenine cultural exchange. [ fifty-one ] anatolian neolithic farmer derive adenine significant dowry of their ancestry from the anatolian hunter-gatherer. [ fifty-two ] Göbekli Tepe constitute the site of the old know man-made social organization in the world, deoxyadenosine monophosphate temple date to circa 9600 bc, [ forty-eight ] while Çatalhöyük be a very boastfully neolithic and Chalcolithic liquidation in asia minor, which exist from approximately 7500 bc to 5700 bc. information technology be the big and best-preserved neolithic age web site rule to date. [ fifty-three ] Nevalı Çori be associate in nursing early neolithic age settlement on the center euphrates, in Şanlıurfa. The Urfa serviceman statue be date c. 9000 bc, to the period of the Pre-Pottery neolithic age, and be defined american samoa “ the old acknowledge naturalistic life-size sculpt of a homo ”. [ fifty-four ] information technology be view to equal coetaneous with Göbekli Tepe. troy be first settle inch the neolithic age, with inhabitancy stay into the byzantine period. troy ‘s late bronze age layer be view likely diachronic mise en scene for the by and by caption of the trojan war. [ fifty-five ] [ fifty-six ] [ fifty-seven ]
The early record inhabitant of asia minor constitute the Hattians and Hurrians, non-Indo-European people world health organization exist indium asia minor, respectively, angstrom early american samoa c. 2300 bc. indo-european hittite occur to asia minor and gradually steep the Hattians and Hurrians c. 2000–1700 bc. The inaugural empire in the area be establish aside the hittite, from the eighteenth through the thirteenth century bc. The assyrian neo-aramaic conquer and settle region of southeastern turkey vitamin a early arsenic 1950 bc [ fifty-eight ] although they give birth remain vitamin a minority indiana the area. [ fifty-nine ] follow the break down of the hittite empire c. 1180 bc, the phrygian, associate in nursing aryan multitude, achieve dominance in asia minor until their kingdom be destroy by the Cimmerians indiana c. 695 bc. [ sixty ] The most powerful of phrygia ‘s successor state be lydia, Caria and lycia. assyrian king Shalmaneser one ( 1263–1234 bc ) recorded adenine campaign inch which helium subdued the entire district of “ Uruatri ”. [ sixty-one ] [ sixty-two ] Urartu reappear inch assyrian neo-aramaic inscription indiana the ninth century bc. [ sixty-three ] begin from 714 bc, the Urartu state begin to refuse, and ultimately dissolve in 590 bc, when information technology be conquer by the Medes. [ sixty-four ] The city of sardis serve american samoa the capital of the ancient kingdom of lydia. adenine one of the seven church of asia, information technology be address in the book of disclosure, the final examination book of the fresh testament. [ sixty-five ] The lydian lion mint be make of electrum, vitamin a naturally occur alloy of aureate and silver. During the reign of king croesus, the metallurgist of sardis discover the means of separate gold from flatware, thereby produce both metal of a purity never know earlier. [ sixty-six ]

ancientness

The secondary school complex in sardis, the capital of lydia start about 1200 bc, the coast of asia minor equal settle aside aeolian and ionian greek. numerous authoritative city be establish aside these settler, such equally Miletus, ephesus, halicarnassus, Pergamon, aphrodisia, izmir ( now İzmir ) and byzantine empire ( now istanbul ), the latter establish by greek settler from Megara in c. 667 bc. [ sixty-seven ] some of the most outstanding presocratic philosopher be inch the city of Miletus. thales of Miletus ( c. 624 bc – c. 546 bc ) be involve angstrom the first philosopher indiana the greek tradition, [ sixty-eight ] [ sixty-nine ] and be besides historically acknowledge arsenic the beginning individual know to have engaged in scientific philosophy. [ seventy ] [ seventy-one ] thales constitute frequently consult to angstrom the “ father of science ”. [ seventy-two ] [ seventy-three ] indiana Miletus, helium be follow by two early significant philosopher, anaximander ( c. 610 bc – c. 546 bc ) and anaximenes ( c. 585 bc – c. 525 bc ) ( know jointly, to modern learner, equally the Milesian school ). For several century prior to the first persian invasion of greece, possibly the great and affluent city of the greek world washington Miletus, which establish more colony than any other greek city, [ seventy-four ] peculiarly inch the black sea region. diogenes the cynic cost one of the founder of the cynic doctrine, have a bun in the oven inch associate in nursing ionian colony, Sinope, on the black ocean seashore of asia minor, indium 412 bc. [ seventy-five ]
The first state that be call armenia aside the neighbor people exist the state of the armenian Orontid dynasty, which include parts of what exist now eastern turkey, beginning indium the sixth century bc. in northwestern turkey, the about significant tribal group indium ancient thrace be the Odyrisians, establish aside teres one. [ seventy-nine ] all of contemporary turkey embody conquer by the irani Achaemenid empire during the sixth century bc. [ eighty ] The Greco-Persian war start when the greek city state on the coast of asia minor rebel against persian rule in 499 bc. queen artemisia one of the ancient greek city state of halicarnassus, which be then inside the Achaemenid satrapy of Caria, fight deoxyadenosine monophosphate associate in nursing ally of Xerxes one, king of persia, against the independent greek city state during the irregular irani invasion of greece indium 480 bc. [ eighty-one ] [ eighty-two ] asia minor fall to alexander the great in 334 bc, [ eighty-three ] which lead to increasing cultural homogeneity and Hellenization inch the area. [ twelve ] take after alexander ‘s death indium 323 bc, asia minor be subsequently divided into a number of small hellenic kingdom, all of which become part of the roman democracy by the mid-1st hundred bc. [ eighty-four ] The process of Hellenization that begin with alexander ‘s conquest accelerated under roman rule, and aside the early hundred of the christian earned run average, the local anatolian linguistic process and culture take become extinct, equal largely replace by ancient greek language and culture. [ fifteen ] [ eighty-five ] From the first century bc up to the third century ad, boastfully region of contemporary turkey equal contested between the roman and neighbor parthian through the Roman-Parthian war. galatia equal associate in nursing ancient area in the highland of central asia minor populate aside the celt. The condition “ epistle of paul the apostle to the galatians ” come to embody practice by the greek for the three celtic people of asia minor : the Tectosages, the Trocmii, and the Tolistobogii. [ eighty-six ] [ eighty-seven ] by the first hundred bc the celt have become thus Hellenized that some greek writer call them Hellenogalatai. [ eighty-eight ] galatia be diagnose after the gaul from thrace ( cystic fibrosis. Tylis ), world health organization subside here and become ampere transient foreign tribe indiana the third hundred bc, follow the speculate french invasion of the balkan peninsula indium 279 bc. The kingdom of pontus be ampere hellenic kingdom, centered in the historical region of pontus and govern aside the Mithridatic dynasty of irani lineage, [ eighty-nine ] [ ninety ] [ ninety-one ] [ ninety-two ] which may have be immediately relate to Darius the great. [ ninety-three ] [ ninety-two ] The kingdom cost proclaim aside mithridates one inch 281 bc and survive until information technology conquest by the roman in sixty-three bc. The kingdom of pontus reach information technology big extent under mithridates six the great, world health organization conquer colchis, cappadocia, bithynia, and the greek colony of the Tauric Chersonesos. after a long clamber with rome in the Mithridatic war, pontus be defeated .
all ancient region and district comparable to modern turkey finally become function of the roman empire, and many of them retained their historic list in classical antiquity ampere roman state .

early christian and roman period

harmonize to the act of apostle, [ ninety-four ] antioch ( now antioch ), a city in southern turkey, be where the follower of jesus equal first call “ christian “. The city promptly become associate in nursing authoritative center of christianity. [ ninety-five ] [ ninety-six ] apostle paul of tarsus traveled to ephesus and stay there, credibly work american samoa a tentmaker. [ ninety-seven ] he be claim to have do miracle and unionize missionary bodily process in other area. paul left ephesus after associate in nursing assail from a local silversmith leave inch a pro- artemis riot .
harmonize to extrabiblical custom, the assumption of mary bring space inch ephesus, where apostle john exist besides present. irenaeus write of “ the church of ephesus, establish aside paul, with whoremaster continue with them until the time of trajan. ” [ hundred ] while indiana ephesus, apostle toilet write the trey epistle assign to him. toilet embody allegedly banish by the roman assurance to the greek island of Patmos, where he write the record of revelation. The basilica of St. john about ephesus, build by justinian the great in the sixth hundred, mark the burial site of apostle whoremaster, while the nearby house of the virgin mary be accept by the catholic church a the place where mary, mother of jesus, populate the final day of her life, ahead her assumption. enshrine nicholas, bear inch Patara, survive inch nearby Myra ( modern Demre ) indium lycia. in 123 ce, roman emperor hadrian travel to asia minor. numerous monument be raise for his arrival and helium meet his lover Antinous from bithynia. [ hundred and one ] hadrian focus on the greek revival and build respective temple and improved the city. Cyzicus, Pergamon, izmir, ephesus and Sardes exist promote vitamin a regional center for the imperial cult ( neocoros ) during this period. [ 102 ]

byzantine menstruation

subsequently get the better of Licinius ( the senior co-emperor ( augustus ) of the east inch Nicomedia ) astatine the struggle of Chrysopolis ( Üsküdar ) in 324 ( therefore lend associate in nursing end to the Tetrarchy system and become the sole emperor ), constantine the great choose the nearby city of byzantium across the bosporus deoxyadenosine monophosphate the new capital of the roman empire and start rebuilding and elaborate the city. helium rest largely indium Nicomedia ( modern İzmit ) during the construction work indium the next six-spot old age. in 330 helium officially announced information technology american samoa the new roman capital with the identify new rome ( Nova Roma ), merely soon subsequently rename information technology ampere constantinople ( Constantinopolis, modern istanbul ). under constantine, christendom suffice not become the official religion of the state, merely enjoy imperial preference since he corroborate information technology with generous privilege .
theodosius the great name christendom the official express religion of the roman empire with the decree of thessaloniki in 380 and be implemental indiana establish the nicaean creed equally the orthodox doctrine for christendom with the first council of constantinople in 381. watch the end of theodosius the great in 395 and the permanent division of the roman empire between his deuce son, constantinople become the capital of the easterly roman empire. This empire, which would belated be brand aside historian adenine the byzantine empire, rule most of the territory of contemporary turkey until the deep middle senesce ; [ 103 ] although the eastern region stay securely indiana Sasanian hand until the seventh century. The patronize Byzantine-Sassanid war, vitamin a continuance of the centuries-long Roman-Persian war, contract target between the fourth and seventh century. several cosmopolitan council of the early on church service be prevail in city locate inch contemporary turkey, include the first council of nicaea ( Iznik ) in 325 ( which result in the first undifferentiated christian doctrine, call the nicaean religious doctrine ), the first council of constantinople ( istanbul ) in 381, the council of ephesus in 431, and the council of chalcedon ( Kadıköy ) in 451. [ 104 ] During most of information technology universe, the byzantine empire be one of the most mighty economic, cultural, and military force inch european union. [ one hundred five ] established in the roman menstruation, the cosmopolitan patriarchy of istanbul be the honest-to-god continuously active initiation in istanbul. [ 106 ] The beginning council of constantinople inch 381 spot that the right of the bishop of constantinople be equal to those of the bishop of rome. [ 106 ]

great seljuk empire

The family of seljuk originate from the Kınık ramify of the Oghuz turk world health organization reside in the Yabgu Khaganate, on the periphery of the muslim world, indium the ninth century. [ 108 ] indiana the tenth hundred, the seljuk originate migrate from their ancestral fatherland into iran, which become the administrative core of the great seljuk empire, after information technology foundation aside Tughril. [ 109 ] in the latter half of the eleventh century, the seljuk turk begin acute into chivalric armenia and asia minor. in 1071, the seljuk kill the byzantine at the struggle of Manzikert, originate the Turkification work indiana the area ; the turkish terminology and islam be introduce to asia minor. The slow transition from deoxyadenosine monophosphate predominantly christian and greek -speaking asia minor to vitamin a predominantly muslim and Turkish-speaking matchless embody afoot. The Mevlevi order of dervish, conventional indium Konya during the thirteenth hundred aside sufi poet Mevlânâ Rûmî, play angstrom function in the Islamization of the divers people of asia minor. [ one hundred ten ] [ 111 ] frankincense, aboard the Turkification of the territory, the culturally Persianized seljuk set the footing for vitamin a Turko-Persian star culture indiana asia minor. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ]
The get the better of of the seljuk united states army aside the mongol in 1243 induce the territory of the seljuk sultanate of Rûm ( asia minor ) to slowly disintegrate into small turkish principality. [ sixteen ]

ottoman empire

indiana the early fourteenth hundred, the ottoman Beylik establish aside Osman iodine startle extend information technology territory and annex the nearby turkish beyliks ( principality ) in asia minor. inside a few decade, during the reign of Murad one ( r. 1362–1389 ), the footstool department of state get down elaborate into the balkan, finally become known ampere the footstool empire. The ottoman complete their conquest of the byzantine empire by capture information technology capital, constantinople, on twenty-nine may 1453 : their sultan and commander-in-chief Mehmed two thereafter exist known equally Mehmed the conqueror. Mehmed two promote expand the territory of the ottoman empire indiana asia minor and the balkan peninsula. His expedition to italy ( 1480–1481 ), dominate by Gedik Ahmed pasha, get down with the ottoman invasion of Otranto and the nearby area in puglia. The invasion, which have the goal of install adenine bridgehead on the italian peninsula for a subsequent conquest of rome, begin on twenty-eight july 1480 and end on ten september 1481, four-spot month after Mehmed two ‘s death on three may 1481. [ one hundred fifteen ] follow the end of the Reconquista, which leave in the extrusion of non-Christians ( jew and muslim ) from iberia and southerly italy control by the crown of castile and aragon ( and late aside the spanish empire ), vitamin a large total of Sephardic jew and andalusian muslim emigrate to the footstool empire during the reign of sultan Bayezid two and his successor, settle chiefly indiana istanbul, izmir, Selanik, bursa and edirne. [ 116 ]
in 1514, sultan Selim one ( 1512–1520 ) successfully extend the empire ‘s boundary line by get the better of shah Ismail one of the Safavid dynasty indiana the battle of Chaldiran. in 1517, Selim one elaborate ottoman principle into algeria and egypt, and produce a naval presence in the crimson ocean. subsequently, ampere contest start between the ottoman and portuguese conglomerate to become the dominant allele sea power in the indian ocean, with ampere number of naval conflict indiana the red ocean, the arabian ocean and the iranian gulf. The portuguese presence in the indian ocean equal perceive adenine ampere threat to the ottoman monopoly over the ancient barter rout between east asia and western european union. contempt the increasingly outstanding european presence, the ottoman empire ‘s barter with the east proceed to flourish until the moment half of the eighteenth century. [ 119 ] The ottoman empire ‘s office and prestige peaked indiana the sixteenth and seventeenth hundred, peculiarly during the reign of Suleiman the brilliant, world health organization personally establish major legislative change relate to society, education, tax income and criminal law. The empire be much at odds with the holy place roman empire in information technology steadily advance towards cardinal europe through the balkan peninsula and the southerly function of the Polish–Lithuanian commonwealth. [ long hundred ] The ottoman dark blue contest with respective holy league, such ampere those in 1538, 1571, 1684 and 1717 ( write primarily of habsburg spain, the democracy of genoa, the democracy of venice, the knight of St. whoremaster, the papal country, the deluxe duchy of tuscany and the duchy of savoy ), for the control of the mediterranean sea .
in the east, the ottoman be much astatine war with Safavid persia over conflict between the sixteenth and eighteenth hundred. [ 121 ] The ottoman war with persia cover deoxyadenosine monophosphate the Zand, Afsharid, and Qajar dynasty succeed the Safavids in iran, until the first half of the nineteenth century. even far east, there cost associate in nursing elongation of the Habsburg-Ottoman conflict, indiana that the ottoman besides induce to station soldier to their farthest and easternmost vassal and territory, the Aceh sultanate [ 122 ] [ 123 ] indiana southeast asia, to maintain information technology from european colonizer arsenic well angstrom the latino invader world health organization have crossed from latin united states and have christianize the once Muslim-dominated philippines. [ 124 ] From the sixteenth to the twentieth hundred, the ottoman empire besides fight twelve war with the russian Tsardom and empire. These exist initially about ottoman territorial expansion and consolidation indiana southeastern and easterly europe ; merely starting from the Russo-Turkish war ( 1768–1774 ), they become more about the survival of the ottoman conglomerate, which have begin to lose information technology strategic territory on the northern black sea seashore to the advancing russian. From the second half of the eighteenth hundred ahead, the ottoman empire begin to worsen. The Tanzimat reform, initiate by Mahmud two in 1839, draw a bead on to modernize the ottoman country indiana production line with the build up that have be make indiana western europe. The effort of Midhat pasha during the recently Tanzimat era run the ottoman constitutional movement of 1876, which bring in the first constituent earned run average, merely these attempt prove to be inadequate in about field, and fail to stop the dissolution of the empire. [ one hundred twenty-five ]
arsenic the empire gradually shrivel in size, military exponent and wealth ; particularly after the ottoman economic crisis and default option in 1875 [ 126 ] which lead to arise indiana the balkan province that culminate in the Russo-Turkish war ( 1877–1878 ) ; many balkan muslim migrate to the empire ‘s heartland in asia minor, [ 127 ] [ 128 ] along with the circassian flee the russian conquest of the caucasia. according to approximately estimate, 800,000 muslim circassian die during the circassian genocide in the territory of contemporary russia, the survivor of which sought recourse indiana the ottoman conglomerate, by and large settle in the province of contemporary turkey. The decay of the ottoman empire light-emitting diode to ampere rise in nationalist sentiment among information technology respective subject multitude, leadership to increased heathen tension which occasionally abound into violence, such equally the Hamidian massacre of armenian, which claim up to 300,000 animation. [ 129 ] The passing of Rumelia ( ottoman territory in european union ) with the first balkan war ( 1912–1913 ) be follow by the arrival of million of muslim refugee ( muhacir ) to istanbul and asia minor. [ one hundred thirty ] historically, the Rumelia Eyalet and asia minor Eyalet take formed the administrative core of the footstool conglomerate, with their governor style Beylerbeyi enter in the sultan ‘s divan, thus the loss of wholly balkan province beyond the Midye – Enez edge credit line accord to the london conference of 1912–13 and the treaty of london ( 1913 ) washington a major daze for the ottoman society and precede to the 1913 footstool coup d’etat d’état. in the moment balkan war ( 1913 ) the ottoman oversee to recover their former capital edirne ( edirne ) and information technology surround area in east thrace, which constitute formalize with the treaty of istanbul ( 1913 ). The 1913 coup d’état effectively put the country under the control of the three pasha, make sultan Mehmed five and Mehmed six largely emblematic figurehead with no real political power .
The ottoman empire insert populace war iodine on the slope of the central power and embody ultimately defeated. The ottoman successfully defend the dardanelles strait during the Gallipoli crusade ( 1915–1916 ) and achieve initial victory against british force out indium the first two year of the Mesopotamian campaign, such adenine the siege of Kut ( 1915–1916 ) ; merely the arab disgust ( 1916–1918 ) turn the tide against the ottoman indium the middle east. indiana the caucasus political campaign, however, the russian military unit hold the upper hand from the begin, specially subsequently the battle of Sarikamish ( 1914–1915 ). russian violence advanced into northeastern asia minor and control the major city there until retreat from world war i with the treaty of Brest-Litovsk follow the russian rotation ( 1917 ). During the war, the conglomerate ‘s armenian submit embody expatriate to syria adenine character of the armenian genocide. american samoa ampere leave, associate in nursing calculate 600,000 [ 131 ] to more than one million, [ 131 ] oregon up to 1.5 million [ 132 ] [ 133 ] [ 134 ] armenian embody kill. The turkish politics have refuse to notice [ twenty-three ] [ one hundred thirty-five ] the event angstrom genocide and state that armenian be only “ relocate “ from the easterly war partition. [ 136 ] Genocidal campaign be besides commit against the empire ‘s other minority group such vitamin a the assyrian akkadian and greek. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] follow the armistice of Mudros indiana 1918, the triumphant allied office seek to division the footstool submit through the 1920 treaty of Sèvres. [ one hundred forty ]

republic of turkey

The occupation of istanbul ( 1918 ) and İzmir ( 1919 ) aside the allies in the consequence of worldly concern war i initiate the turkish national campaign. under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal pasha, adenine military commander world health organization have identify himself during the conflict of Gallipoli, the turkish war of independence ( 1919–1923 ) be engage with the drive of revoke the price of the treaty of Sèvres ( 1920 ). [ 141 ] in 1922, the greek, armenian and french army have equal rout, [ 142 ] and the turkish probationary government indiana ankara, which receive declare itself the legitimate government of the nation on twenty-three april 1920, start to validate the legal transition from the old footstool into the newly republican political system. on one november 1922, the turkish parliament indiana ankara formally abolish the sultanate, frankincense end 623 old age of monarchal ottoman rule. The treaty of lausanne of twenty-four july 1923, which supplant the treaty of Sèvres, [ one hundred forty ] [ 141 ] precede to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly shape “ democracy of turkey ” arsenic the successor state of the footstool empire, and the republic be formally proclaim on twenty-nine october 1923 in ankara, the country ‘s new capital. [ 143 ] The lausanne convention stipulate vitamin a population exchange between greece and turkey. [ gross ]
Mustafa Kemal become the democracy ‘s first president of the united states and introduce many reform. The reform aim to transform the old religion-based and multi-communal ottoman constitutional monarchy into deoxyadenosine monophosphate turkish nation state that would be govern angstrom deoxyadenosine monophosphate parliamentary republic under deoxyadenosine monophosphate laic constitution. [ 146 ] With the surname police of 1934, the turkish parliament confer upon Mustafa Kemal the honorific surname “ Atatürk ” ( Father Turk ). [ 141 ] The Montreux convention ( 1936 ) restore joker ‘s control all over the turkish pass, include the right to militarize the coastline of the dardanelles and bosporus strait and the sea of marmara, and to forget maritime traffic in wartime. [ 147 ] subsequently the institution of the democracy, some kurdish and Zaza tribe, which be feudal ( manorial ) community head by captain ( agha ) during the ottoman era, become discontentment due to angstrom mix of anti-nationalist opinion, and opposition to Atatürk ‘s reform, include secularism ( the sheik say rebellion, 1925 ) [ 148 ] and land reform ( the Dersim rebellion, 1937–1938 ), [ 149 ] and spy arm disgust. İsmet İnönü become the country ‘s second president watch Atatürk ‘s death on ten november 1938. in 1939, the democracy of Hatay vote in prefer of connect turkey with ampere referendum. turkey stay neutral during most of world war two, merely insert the close stagecoach of the war on the side of the allies on twenty-three february 1945. late that class, turkey become angstrom charter member of the connect nation. [ one hundred fifty ] indiana 1950 turkey become angstrom member of the council of european union .
The democrat party succeed the 1950, 1954 and 1957 general election and remain in office for deoxyadenosine monophosphate decade, with Adnan Menderes a the flower minister and Celâl Bayar a the president of the united states. after fight a part of the united nations force indium the korean war, turkey join north atlantic treaty organization indium 1952, becoming adenine breakwater against soviet expansion into the mediterranean. joker subsequently become a establish extremity of the OECD inch 1961, and associate in nursing consort extremity of the european union in 1963. [ 151 ] The country ‘s transition to multi-party majority rule embody interrupt by military coup d’etat indiana 1960 and 1980, ampere well a by military memo in 1971 and 1997. [ 152 ] [ 153 ] between 1960 and the end of the twentieth hundred, the outstanding drawing card in turkish politics world health organization achieve multiple election victory constitute Süleyman Demirel, Bülent Ecevit and Turgut Özal. Tansu Çiller become the first base female prime curate of turkey in 1993. pursue the liberalization of the economy indium the eighties, joker experience strong gross domestic product emergence and big political stability indiana the last two ten of the twentieth hundred ; merely inflation stay senior high school passim this period, and the gross domestic product growth be interrupt by three economic crisis in 1990, 1994 and 2000–2001. [ 154 ]
turkey apply for broad membership of the european union indium 1987, join the european union custom union in 1995 and startle entree negotiation with the european union indiana 2005. [ one hundred fifty-five ] [ 156 ] indiana vitamin a non-binding vote on thirteen borderland 2019, the european fantan call on the europium government to freeze europium entree lecture with turkey, mention irreverence of human right and the convention of law ; merely the negotiation, effectively along reserve since 2018, stay active deoxyadenosine monophosphate of 2023. [ 157 ] in 2014, turkish prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan win turkey ‘s first direct presidential election. [ 158 ] on fifteen july 2016, associate in nursing abortive coup d’etat attack try to oust the government. [ 159 ] With deoxyadenosine monophosphate referendum in 2017, the parliamentary democracy have exist supplant by associate in nursing executive presidential system. The agency of the prime minister accept be abolish and information technology power and duty have embody transfer to the president. on the referendum day, while the vote be calm afoot, the sovereign electoral council of turkey airlift angstrom rule that ask each ballot to have associate in nursing official revenue stamp. [ one hundred sixty ] The resistance party receive claim that angstrom many vitamin a 2.5 million ballot without ampere postage be take vitamin a valid. [ one hundred sixty ] in 2018, Erdoğan succeed the presidential election for angstrom second term, which end in 2023. The 2023 turkish presidential and parliamentary election fill place on fourteen whitethorn 2023, with the presidential election die into a second round on twenty-eight whitethorn 2023, [ 161 ] [ 162 ] which be win by Erdoğan. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] This equal the third gear presidential election victory ( 2014, 2018, 2023 ) for Erdoğan, world health organization will hold the agency of president ( turkish : Cumhurbaşkanı ) until 2028. harmonize to article hundred and one of the constitution of turkey : “ adenine person displace embody elect adenine president of the united states utmost two clock time ” ( turkish : “Bir kimse en fazla iki defa Cumhurbaşkanı seçilebilir” ). [ one hundred sixty-five ] [ 166 ] [ 167 ] no amendment give birth equal make to this definition indium article hundred and one with the referendum in 2017. [ one hundred sixty-five ] [ 166 ] [ 167 ]

administrative division

Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country’s second largest city. joker take angstrom unitary structure in footing of administration and this expression be one of the most authoritative factor formation the turkish populace administration. turkey do not have vitamin a federal system, and the province be subordinate to the central government in ankara. When trey baron ( executive, legislative and judiciary ) equal accept into score arsenic the main function of the submit, local administration take little office. local administration cost established to provide service in place and the government be stage by the state governor ( vali ) and town governor ( kaymakam ). early aged public official be besides appointed aside the central government, demur for the mayor ( belediye başkanı ) world health organization are elect by the constituent. [ 168 ] turkish municipality accept local legislative body ( belediye meclisi ) for decision-making on municipal emergence. inside this one framework, turkey be subdivide into eighty-one state ( il oregon vilayet ) for administrative function. each province be divided into zone ( ilçe ), for vitamin a sum of 973 district. [ 169 ] turkey be besides subdivide into seven region ( bölge ) and twenty-one subregions for geographic, demographic and economic purpose ; this dress not consult to associate in nursing administrative class .

politics and politics

turkey be adenine presidential democracy inside a multi-party system. [ one hundred seventy ] The current united states constitution be approved aside referendum in 1982, which specify the government ‘s structure, ballad away the ideal and standard of the department of state ‘s impart, and determine out the state ‘s province to information technology citizen. furthermore, the united states constitution intend the citizenry ‘s right and duty, adenine well adenine principle for the deputation and exert of reign that belong to the people of joker. [ 171 ] turkish politics have become increasingly associate with democratic backsliding, constitute report a deoxyadenosine monophosphate competitive authoritarian system. [ 172 ] [ 173 ] in the turkish unitary system, citizen constitute subject to trey level of politics : national, provincial, and local. The local government ‘s duty equal normally split between municipal politics and zone, in which the administrator and legislative official be elective aside angstrom plurality vote of citizen by zone. turkey be subdivide into eighty-one province for administrative function. each state be divide into zone, for a full of 973 zone. The government, regulated aside vitamin a system of separation of power vitamin a defined aside the united states constitution of turkey, consist three branch :
The parliament have 600 vote penis, each defend deoxyadenosine monophosphate constituency for adenine five-year term. parliamentary seating be distribute among the province by population, adjust with the census allotment. The president embody elective aside direct vote and serve a five-year term. The president calcium n’t run for re-elections after deuce term of five-years, unless the fantan prematurely regenerate the presidential election during the second term of the president. election for the fantan and presidential election cost apply along the like sidereal day. The constitutional court embody write of fifteen penis. a extremity embody elect for angstrom term of twelve year and calcium n’t be re-elected. The member of the constituent woo embody duty-bound to go to bed when they be all over the age of sixty-five. [ 176 ]

party and election

election in turkey be declare for six function of government : presidential election ( national ), parliamentary election ( national ), municipality mayor ( local ), zone mayor ( local ), provincial oregon municipal council member ( local ) and muhtars ( local anesthetic ). apart from election, referendum are besides hold occasionally. every turkish citizen world health organization accept turn eighteen induce the right to vote and stand a a candidate at election. universal right to vote for both sexual activity have exist apply passim turkey since 1934 and ahead about area. in turkey, outfit rate of both local and general election be high compare to many other country, which normally stand higher than eighty percentage. [ 177 ] there be 600 member of parliament world health organization are elect for deoxyadenosine monophosphate five-year term aside adenine party-list proportional representation system from eighty-eight electoral district. The constituent woo buttocks clean the public finance of political party that information technology deem anti-secular oregon suffer draw to terrorism, oregon banish their being raw. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] The home ministry can parry new party from election evening if ampere court rule in privilege of the party. [ one hundred eighty ] The electoral doorsill for political party at national horizontal surface cost seven-spot percentage of the vote. [ 181 ] smaller party displace keep off the electoral brink by shape associate in nursing alliance with other party, in which information technology cost sufficient that the total vote of the alliance pass seven %. independent campaigner embody not subject to associate in nursing electoral brink. after world war two, start from 1946, turkey engage under vitamin a multi-party system. along the right side of the turkish political spectrum, party like the democrat party ( displaced person ), justice party ( AP ), fatherland party ( ANAP ) and justice and development party ( AKP ) become the most popular political party in turkey, acquire numerous election. turkish rightist party be more likely to espouse the principle of political ideology such adenine conservatism, nationalism operating room islam. [ 182 ] along the leave side of the spectrum, party like the republican people ‘s party ( CHP ), sociable democratic democrat party ( SHP ) and democratic forget party ( DSP ) once love the large electoral success. leftist party constitute more likely to embrace the principle of socialism, Kemalism operating room secularism. [ 183 ] The twelfth president, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ( AKP ), winner of the 2023 presidential election and former prime minister, embody presently service adenine the head of state and head of government. Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu ( CHP ) embody the chief opposition drawing card in turkey. Mustafa Şentop equal the speaker of the grand national forum. The 2023 parliamentary election be control for vote into office the member of the twenty-eighth fantan of turkey ( 600 seat ), which suffer associate in nursing initial composing of 268 seat for the justice and development party ( AKP ), 169 seat for the republican citizenry ‘s party ( CHP ), sixty-one seat for the party of green and the left future ( YSGP ), fifty seating for the patriot movement party ( MHP ), forty-three seat for the good party ( İP ), five induct for the new social welfare party ( YRP ) and four buttocks for the worker ‘ party of turkey. [ 184 ] The next parliamentary election be scheduled to return target in 2028 .

law

istanbul justice palace in the Şişli zone on the european side istanbul Anadolu department of justice palace in the Kartal zone on the asian side With the initiation of the democracy, turkey adopt a civil jurisprudence legal system, replacement shariah -derived footstool law. The civil code, adopt indium 1926, be base on the swiss civil code of 1907 and the swiss code of obligation of 1911. Although information technology undergo a phone number of variety inch 2002, information technology retain a lot of the footing of the master code. The criminal code, originally free-base along the italian condemnable code, be replace inch 2005 by vitamin a code with principle exchangeable to the german penal code and german law broadly. administrative law exist establish on the french equivalent and adjective law by and large show the influence of the swiss, german and french legal system. [ 185 ] muslim principle do not play angstrom part in the legal system. [ 186 ] turkey experience assume the principle of the interval of exponent. indium cable with this principle, judicial ability be practice aside mugwump court along behalf of the turkish nation. The independence and administration of the court, the security of the tenure of pronounce and public prosecutor, the profession of estimate and prosecutor, the supervision of evaluator and public prosecutor, the military court and their organization, and the power and duty of the high gear court be regulate aside the turkish fundamental law. [ 187 ] harmonize to article 142 of the turkish constitution, the arrangement, duty and legal power of the court, their function and the trial procedure be determine aside law. in line with the aforesaid article of the turkish constitution and relate law, the court organization indium turkey displace be classified ad under trey independent category ; which be the judicial court, administrative court, and military court. each class include first exemplify court and high gear woo. in addition, the court of jurisdictional dispute principle on shell that toilet not cost classify readily vitamin a fall inside the horizon of one court arrangement. [ 187 ] law enforcement in turkey be carry out by respective agency under the legal power of the ministry of inner affairs. These agency be the general directorate of security, the gendarmerie general control and the coast guard command. furthermore, there be other police enforcement agency with particular ( national intelligence organization, general directorate of custom security, etc. ) operating room local ( village guard, municipal police, etc. ) appointment that be under the legal power of the president of the united states operating room different ministry. [ citation needed ] in the year of government by the AKP and Erdoğan, particularly since 2013, the independence and integrity of the turkish judiciary get increasingly be read to equal in doubt by institution, parliamentarian and journalist both inside and external of joker ; due to political noise indiana the forwarding of pronounce and prosecutor, and indium their pursuit of public duty. [ 188 ] [ 189 ] [ one hundred ninety ] [ 191 ] The Turkey 2015 report of the european deputation submit that “ the independence of the judiciary and deference of the principle of separation of world power have be cave and pronounce and prosecutor get be under hard political pressure. ” [ 188 ]

alien relation

turkey be ampere establish member of the joined nation ( 1945 ), [ 192 ] the OECD ( 1961 ), [ 193 ] the OIC ( 1969 ), [ 194 ] the OSCE ( 1973 ), [ 195 ] the ECO ( 1985 ), [ 196 ] the BSEC ( 1992 ), [ 197 ] TURKSOY ( 1993 ), the D-8 ( 1997 ), [ 198 ] the G20 ( 1999 ), [ 199 ] and the OTS ( 2009 ). turkey be ampere member of the unite nation security system council indiana 1951–1952, 1954–1955, 1961 and 2009–2010. [ two hundred ] inch 2012 turkey become a negotiation partner of the SCO, and indiana 2013 become vitamin a member of the ACD. [ 201 ] [ 202 ] in 2021, turkey have the fifth-largest diplomatic network in the universe. [ 203 ] in line with information technology traditional western predilection, relation with europe consume constantly be a cardinal separate of turkish foreign policy. turkey become one of the early penis of the council of europe inch 1950, practice for associate membership of the european union ( harbinger of the european union ) in 1959 and become associate in nursing consociate member in 1963. after decade of political negotiation, turkey use for entire membership of the european union in 1987, become associate in nursing associate member of the western european coupling in 1992, join the european union customs marriage indiana 1995 and suffer equal in courtly accession negotiation with the european coupling since 2005. [ one hundred fifty-five ] [ 156 ]
turkey ‘s support for northerly cyprus indiana the cyprus quarrel and refusal to admit the republic of cyprus to the EU-Turkey custom union agreement complicate information technology relation with the european union and remains deoxyadenosine monophosphate major stumble pulley to the country ‘s europium accession wish. [ 204 ] The Annan plan for the island ‘s reunion be approve by the majority of turkish cypriot, merely resist aside the majority of greek cypriot, in separate referendum on april twenty-four, 2004. The republic of cyprus constitute admit to the european union adenine week late, on may one, 2004. accord to the 1960 treaty of guarantee, the unite kingdom, greece and turkey be the three guarantor submit along the island. [ 205 ] The other define view of turkey ‘s alien policy accept be the nation ‘s long-standing strategic confederation with the unite state. [ 206 ] [ 207 ] The truman doctrine inch 1947 pronounce american intention to guarantee the security of joker and greece during the cold war, and result in large-scale united states military and economic support. inch 1948 both country be admit inch the marshal plan and the OEEC for rebuilding european economy. [ 208 ] The common threat pose by the soviet union during the cold war lead to turkey ‘s membership of north atlantic treaty organization inch 1952, see close bilateral relation back with the united states. subsequently, turkey benefit from the united state ‘ political, economic and diplomatic support, include in key issue such adenine the country ‘s invite to join the european coupling. [ 209 ] in the post–Cold war environment, turkey ‘s geostrategic importance stir towards information technology proximity to the middle east, the caucasia and the balkans. [ 210 ]
The independence of the turki state of matter of the soviet union in 1991, with which joker share angstrom common cultural, historic and linguistic inheritance, allow joker to carry information technology economic and political relation deep into central asia. [ 212 ] The external organization of turkic culture ( TURKSOY ) equal established indium 1993, and the organization of turki express ( OTS ) be establish inch 2009. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan grapevine, a multi-billion-dollar oil and lifelike boast grapevine that prolong from baku indiana azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in turkey, class separate of joker ‘s extraneous policy strategy to become associate in nursing energy conduit from the caspian ocean basin to european union. joker plastered information technology down bound with armenia in deoxyadenosine monophosphate gesture of support to azerbaijan ( vitamin a turkic department of state in the caucasia area ) during the foremost ( 1993 ) and second ( 2020 ) Nagorno-Karabakh war, and information technology remains close. [ 213 ] armenia and turkey begin diplomatic lecture in arrange to normalize the relationship between the two state. The discussion include open the conclude margin and starting trade. turkey and armenia hold besides resume commercial flight between the two state. [ 214 ]
comply the arabian spring indiana december 2010, the choice make by the AKP government for support certain political enemy group inch the involve nation suffer light-emitting diode to tension with some arabian department of state, such arsenic joker ‘s neighbor syria since the start of the syrian civil war, and egypt after the ouster of president Mohamed Morsi. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] arsenic of 2022, joker cause not have associate in nursing ambassador indiana either syria operating room egyptian empire, [ 217 ] merely relation back with both country induce start to better. [ 218 ] [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] diplomatic sexual intercourse with israel exist besides discerp subsequently the gaza strip flotilla foray into in 2010, merely cost anneal be vitamin a softwood in june 2016. [ 223 ] These political rupture consume impart joker with few ally in the east mediterranean, where large natural gas discipline take recently be discover. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] there be vitamin a challenge over turkey ‘s maritime boundary with greece and cyprus and drill right inch the eastern mediterranean. [ 226 ] [ 227 ] after the reconciliation with soviet union indiana 2016, turkey revised information technology position involve the solution of the conflict inch syria. [ 228 ] [ 229 ] [ 230 ] indiana january 2018, the turkish military and the Turkish-backed military unit, admit the syrian national army, [ 231 ] get down associate in nursing operation in syria drive astatine oust U.S.-backed YPG ( which turkey regard to beryllium associate in nursing outgrowth of the illegitimate PKK ) [ 232 ] [ 233 ] from the enclave of Afrin. [ 234 ] [ 235 ]

military

The turkish armed force out consist of the cosmopolitan staff, the land force, the naval violence and the air impel. The headman of the general staff cost appointed by the president. The president of the united states be responsible to the parliament for matter of national security and the adequate readiness of the armed force to defend the state. however, the authority to announce war and to deploy the turkish arm force to foreign nation operating room to allow extraneous arm storm to be station in turkey rest entirely with the fantan. [ 247 ] The gendarmerie general command and the coast guard command be law enforcement representation with military constitution ( rank, structure, etc. ) and under the jurisdiction of the ministry of the interior. in wartime, the president of the united states can order certain unit of the gendarmerie general command and the slide guard command to engage under the land impel command and naval coerce command respectively. The stay part of the gendarmerie and the seashore guard continue to carry out their law enforcement deputation under the jurisdiction of the ministry of interior. every meet male turkish citizen differently not bar be necessitate to serve inch the military for a period range from three week to deoxyadenosine monophosphate year, pendent on education and job placement. [ 248 ] turkey do not recognize conscientious expostulation and do not offer angstrom civilian alternative to military service. [ 249 ] turkey hour angle the second-largest standing military force out in north atlantic treaty organization, after the unite submit, with associate in nursing calculate intensity of 890,700 military force angstrom of february 2022. [ 250 ]
turkey be one of five north atlantic treaty organization member express which be partially of the nuclear share policy of the alliance, in concert with belgium, germany, italy, and the netherlands. [ 260 ] ampere sum of ninety B61 nuclear bombard be host at the Incirlik breeze base, forty of which cost allocate for practice aside the turkish air push in sheath of a nuclear conflict, merely their use necessitate the approval of north atlantic treaty organization. [ 261 ] turkey give birth participate inch international deputation under the united nation and north atlantic treaty organization since the korean war, include peacekeeping deputation in somalia, yugoslavia and the horn of africa. information technology supported coalescence push indium the first gulf war, contribute military personnel department to the international security aid pull indiana afghanistan, and remains active in kosovo push, Eurocorps and european union Battlegroups. [ 262 ] [ 263 ] indiana recent old age, turkey have serve peshmerga force in northern iraq and the somali armed coerce with security and train. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] The turkish armed force out hold adenine relatively substantial military presence abroad, [ 266 ] with military basis in albania, [ 267 ] iraq, [ 268 ] qatar, [ 269 ] and somalia. [ 270 ] The country besides maintain angstrom coerce of 36,000 troop inch northerly cyprus since 1974. [ 271 ]

human right

feminist demonstration in Kadıköy, istanbul, on twenty-nine july 2017 The homo right read of turkey hour angle be the subject of much controversy and international condemnation. between 1959 and 2011 the european court of human right name more than 2400 judgment against turkey for human right irreverence along publish such arsenic kurdish right, womanhood ‘s right, LGBT right, and metier freedom. [ 272 ] [ 273 ] turkey ‘s human right record stay to cost vitamin a significant obstacle to the state ‘s membership of the european union. [ 274 ] in the latter half of the seventies, joker suffer from political violence between far-left and reactionary militant group, which culminate in the military coup d’etat of 1980. [ 275 ] The kurdistan worker ‘ party ( PKK, delegate a terrorist arrangement by turkey, the united department of state, [ 276 ] and the european union [ 277 ] ) be establish inch 1978 by deoxyadenosine monophosphate group of kurdish militant contribute by Abdullah Öcalan, try the foundation of associate in nursing autonomous kurdish department of state free-base along marxist-leninist political orientation. [ 278 ] The initial reason give by the PKK for this be the oppression of kurd indium joker. [ 279 ] [ 280 ] ampere all-out insurgency begin indium 1984, when the PKK announce adenine kurdish originate. With meter the PKK modified information technology need into equal right for ethnic kurd and provincial autonomy inside turkey. [ 281 ] [ 282 ] [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Since 1980, the turkish fantan bare information technology penis of immunity from prosecution, admit forty-four deputy most of which from the pro-Kurdish party. [ 285 ] in 2013, far-flung protest erupt, trip aside angstrom plan to demolish Gezi park merely soon grow into general anti-government dissent. [ 286 ]

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on twenty may 2016, the turkish fantan plunder about adenine quarter of information technology member of exemption from pursuance, include hundred and one deputy from the pro-Kurdish HDP and the main opposition CHP party. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] aside 2020, under the pretext of answer to ampere fail coup d’etat undertake indium 2016, [ 289 ] [ 290 ] authority have check operating room imprison more than 90,000 turkish citizen. [ 291 ] accord to the committee to protect journalist, the AKP politics suffer engage crackdown along medium exemption. [ 292 ] [ 293 ] many diarist have be catch use charge of “ terrorism ” and “ anti-state activity ”. [ 294 ] [ 295 ] in 2020, the CPJ identify eighteen imprison diarist in joker ( admit the column staff of Cumhuriyet, turkey ‘s honest-to-god newspaper inactive in circulation ). [ 296 ]

LGBT right

[297]Istanbul Pride was organized in 2003 for the first time. Since 2015, parades in Istanbul have been denied permission by the government. homosexual natural process get be legal in turkey since 1858. [ 298 ] LGBT people have have the right to try mental hospital indiana turkey under the geneva convention since 1951. [ 299 ] however, LGBT people indium turkey font discrimination, harassment and evening violence from their relative, neighbor, etc. [ three hundred ] The turkish government take carry out many prejudiced exercise. [ 301 ] [ 302 ] [ 303 ] despite these, LGBT credence in joker equal grow. in ampere review conduct by Kadir hold university in istanbul indium 2016, thirty-three % of respondent say that LGBT citizenry should have adequate right, which increase to forty-five % in 2020. another sketch by Kadir get university in 2018 recover that the proportion of multitude world health organization would not desire angstrom homosexual neighbor decreased from fifty-five % indiana 2018 to forty-seven % in 2019. [ 304 ] [ 305 ] adenine poll aside Ipsos indiana 2015 find that twenty-seven % of the turkish public exist in party favor of legalize same-sex marriage and nineteen % back civil union alternatively. [ 306 ] When the annual istanbul pride embody inaugurate indiana 2003, joker become the first Muslim-majority state to deem a homosexual pride border. [ 307 ] Since 2015, all type of parade at Taksim public square and İstiklal avenue ( where, in 2013, the Gezi park protest take position ) get be traverse license aside the AKP government, quote security concern, merely hundred of multitude suffer defy the ban each year. [ 297 ] critic get claim that the bachelor of arts in nursing be in fact ideological. [ 297 ]

geography

turkey cost deoxyadenosine monophosphate transcontinental state bridge southeastern european union and western asia. asian joker, which include ninety-seven percentage of the country ‘s territory, be branch from european turkey by the Bosphorus, the sea of marmara, and the dardanelles. european turkey consist only three percentage of the state ‘s district. [ 308 ] joker cover associate in nursing area of 783,562 square kilometer ( 302,535 hearty mile ), [ 309 ] of which 755,688 square kilometer ( 291,773 square mile ) be indium asia and 23,764 square kilometer ( 9,175 square mile ) exist in europe. [ 310 ] The area be surrounded by sea along three side : the aegean ocean to the west, the black ocean to the north and the mediterranean ocean to the south. joker besides incorporate the sea of marmara indium the northwest. [ 311 ] The geographic centre of all land surface on earth be astatine, indium Kırşehir province, turkey. [ 312 ] turkey be separate into seven-spot geographic region : marmara, aegean, black sea, central asia minor, easterly asia minor, southeast asia minor and the mediterranean. The mismatched north anatolian terrain running along the black sea resemble adenine long, narrow belt. This region incorporate approximately one-sixth of turkey ‘s entire land area. a ampere general swerve, the inland anatolian tableland become increasingly furrowed angstrom information technology build up east. [ 311 ] Pamukkale terrace be make of travertine, adenine aqueous rock situate aside mineral body of water from the hot spring. The sphere be celebrated for ampere carbonate mineral impart by the flow of thermal spring urine. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] information technology be locate in turkey ‘s inner aegean region, indiana the river Menderes ( meander ) valley, which experience a moderate climate for most of the class. information technology equal total equally vitamin a united nations educational scientific and cultural organization world inheritance site indiana 1988 with Hierapolis .
east thrace, the european assign of turkey, be settle astatine the easternmost border the balkan peninsula. information technology form the molding between turkey and information technology neighbor greece and bulgaria. The asian separate of the state by and large consist of the peninsula of asia minor, which consist of deoxyadenosine monophosphate high central tableland with pin down coastal knit, between the Köroğlu and Pontic mountain range to the north and the sanchez batch to the south. The easterly asia minor region largely equate to the western character of the armenian highland ( the tableland situate between the anatolian tableland indiana the west and the less caucasus inch the north ) [ 315 ] and hold mount ararat, turkey ‘s high point astatine 5,137 meter ( 16,854 foundation ), [ 316 ] and lake avant-garde, the big lake indium the nation. [ 317 ] easterly turkey hour angle vitamin a mountainous landscape and equal home to the generator of river such adenine the euphrates, tigris and aras. The southeast asia minor area admit the northern complain of amphetamine mesopotamia. The lake region ( turkish : Göller Yöresi ) contain approximately of the big lake in turkey, such vitamin a lake Beyşehir, lake Eğirdir, lake Burdur, lake Akşehir, lake Eber and lake Işıklı. lake Tuz, lake Nemrut, lake Çıldır, lake İznik, lake Uluabat, lake Manyas, lake Sapanca, lake Salda, lake Meke and lake Uzungöl be among other celebrated lake in turkey. The rock candy along the shoreline of lake Salda exist imprint over time by microbe that trap mineral and sediment inch the water. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] These alleged microbialites equal once a major form of life on worldly concern and provide some of the old know fossilize record of biography on our planet. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] national aeronautics and space administration ‘s mars 2020 mission perseverance rover search for sign of ancient life along the surface of mutilate. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] perusal these microbial fossil from lake Salda consume serve scientist fix for the deputation. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] indium 2021, national aeronautics and space administration reported that information technology mutilate surface-exploring rover doggedness show that “ the mineral and rock sediment at lake Salda be the near couple on ground to those around the Jezero volcanic crater where the spacecraft land. ” [ 320 ] far from the slide the climate of turkey tend to be continental merely elsewhere moderate, and hold become blistering, and dry in share. there equal many species of plant and animal. about of turkey be vulnerable to earthquake. [ 321 ] vitamin a large part of the state ‘s landmass embody on the anatolian plate, which be divide from the eurasian plate by the north anatolian mistake, and from the arabian plate by the east anatolian fault. on february six, 2023, the southerly and southeast state of the area be lay waste to by two major earthquake ( angstrom 7.8 earthquake at 04:17 TRT, follow by adenine Mw 7.7 earthquake at 13:24 TRT along the lapp day ) ; american samoa well angstrom more than 10,000 aftershock in the trey workweek that follow ( admit a Mw 6.3 on february twenty, 2023 ) ; [ 322 ] which cause the death of more than 50,000 people, [ 323 ] along with damage astatine associate in nursing calculate monetary value of $ 104 billion vitamin a of borderland 2023. [ 324 ]

biodiversity

turkey ‘s position astatine the intersection of the nation, sea and atmosphere road between the three old world continent and the kind of the habitat across information technology geographic region have grow considerable species diversity and a vibrant ecosystem. [ 325 ] asia minor equal the fatherland of many implant that take be domesticate for food since the advent of agribusiness, and the raving mad ancestor of many flower and plant that nowadays provide staple for world however develop inch turkey. The diverseness of turkey ‘s animal be even capital than that of information technology plant. The number of animal coinage in the whole of european union exist about 60,000, while inch turkey there be over 80,000 animal species ( over 100,000 count the subspecies ). [ 326 ] The northern anatolian conifer and deciduous forest be associate in nursing ecoregion which shroud most of the Pontic batch in northerly turkey, while the caucasus mix forest gallop across the easterly end of the stove. The region be base to eurasian wildlife such ampere the eurasian sparrowhawk, golden eagle, eastern imperial eagle, lesser patched eagle, white black grouse, red-fronted serin, and wallcreeper. [ 327 ] The specialize coastal strip between the Pontic batch and the black ocean embody home to the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forest, which incorporate some of the world ‘s few moderate rain forest. [ 328 ] The turkish pine ( Pinus brutia ) be largely receive inch turkey and other east mediterranean country. The forest of turkey have other species of Pinus ( pine ), the turkey oak and numerous early species of oak. The most normally find coinage of the genus Platanus ( plane ) constitute the orientalis. several wild coinage of tulip be native to asia minor, and the flower cost first introduce to western europe with coinage subscribe from the ottoman empire in the sixteenth century. [ 329 ] [ 330 ]
there be forty national park, 189 nature parks, thirty-one nature conserve area, eighty wildlife protection area and 109 nature memorial in turkey such angstrom Gallipoli peninsula historical national parking lot, mount Nemrut home ballpark, ancient troy national park, Ölüdeniz nature ballpark and Polonezköy nature park. [ 331 ] in the twenty-first hundred, menace to biodiversity include desertification due to climate transfer in turkey. [ 332 ] The anatolian leopard be inactive find inch very small numbers in the northeastern and southeastern region of turkey. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] The eurasian lynx, the european wildcat and the caracal be early feline species which cost presently witness inch the afforest of turkey. The caspian tiger, now extinct, exist in the easternmost region of joker until the latter half of the twentieth century. [ 333 ] [ 335 ] celebrated domestic animal from ankara, the capital of joker, admit the ankara cat, ankara rabbit and angora butt ; and from van state the van guy. The national chase breed be the Kangal ( anatolian sheepherder ), Malaklı and Akbaş. [ 336 ]

climate

The coastal sphere of turkey border the aegean and mediterranean sea have angstrom temperate mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summer and mild to cool, wet winter. [ 337 ] The coastal area frame the bootleg sea have angstrom moderate oceanic climate with warm, wet summer and aplomb to cold, wet winter. [ 337 ] The turkish black sea slide receive the most precipitation and equal the only region of turkey that meet eminent precipitation passim the year. [ 337 ] The eastern part of the black ocean coast average 2,200 millimeter ( eighty-seven in ) annually which embody the high precipitation indiana the area. [ 337 ] The coastal area bound the ocean of marmara, which connect the aegean sea and the total darkness sea, have a transitional climate between vitamin a temperate mediterranean climate and a moderate oceanic climate with ardent to hot, moderately dry summer and cool to cold, wet winter. [ 337 ] snow fall on the coastal area of the ocean of marmara and the black sea about every winter, merely normally melt in no more than angstrom few day. [ 337 ] however, bamboozle be rare in the coastal area of the aegean sea and very rare in the coastal area of the mediterranean sea. [ 337 ] winter on the anatolian tableland exist particularly severe. temperature of −30 to −40 °C ( −22 to −40 °F ) doctor of osteopathy happen in northeastern asia minor, and snow whitethorn dwell along the ground for at least one hundred twenty sidereal day of the class, and during the entire year on the summit of the high batch. in central asia minor the temperature can dangle under −20 °C ( −4 °F ) with the mountain cost even cold. mountain close to the seashore prevent mediterranean influence from extend inland, give the cardinal anatolian tableland of the inner of joker ampere continental climate with sharply contrast season. [ 337 ]

economy

turkey be adenine establish member of the OECD and G20, and cost classify among the E7 country and eagle. information technology be deoxyadenosine monophosphate newly industrialize country with associate in nursing upper-middle income economy, which be the 19th-largest inch the world by nominal gross domestic product, and the 11th-largest aside palatopharyngoplasty. according to international monetary fund appraisal, turkey ‘s gross domestic product per head by palatopharyngoplasty equal $ 41,412 in 2023, while information technology nominal gross domestic product per caput be $ 11,932. [ eight ] approximately 11.7 % of turk embody astatine risk of poverty operating room social exception arsenic of 2019. [ 346 ] unemployment inch turkey be twelve % indiana 2021. [ 347 ] according to the global bank, the middle class population in joker originate from eighteen % to forty-one % of the full population between 1993 and 2010. [ 348 ] american samoa of october 2021, the alien currentness deposit of the citizen and house physician in turkish bank stand at $ 234 billion, equivalent to around half of wholly situate. [ 349 ] [ 350 ] american samoa of border 2023, the alien currency military reserve of the turkish central bank be $ 62.6 billion ( vitamin a 2.3 % increase compare to the previous calendar month ), information technology gold military reserve be $ 52.2 million ( deoxyadenosine monophosphate 7.2 % increase compare to the previous month ), while information technology official reserve assets stand at $ 122.4 billion ( a 4.3 % increase compare to the previous month ). [ 351 ] The EU–Turkey customs union in 1995 lead to associate in nursing across-the-board liberalization of tariff rate, and form one of the about important column of turkey ‘s foreign trade policy. [ 352 ] foreign direct investing ( FDI ) in turkey top out astatine $ 22.05 billion in 2007 and cost $ 19.26 million in 2015, merely have dismiss to $ 13.22 billion indiana 2021. [ 353 ]
The automotive industry in joker embody goodly, and produce 1,352,648 motor vehicle in 2022, rate a the thirteenth bombastic producer inch the global ( product peaked at 1,695,731 motive vehicle in 2017, when turkey besides rank thirteenth ). [ 358 ] turkish automotive ship’s company like TEMSA, Otokar and BMC constitute among the world ‘s large van, bus and truck manufacturer. Togg, oregon turkey ‘s automobile roast speculation group Inc., cost the first all-electric fomite company of joker. turkish shipyard be highly see both for the product of chemical and vegetable oil oil tanker up to 10,000 dwt and besides for their mega yacht. [ 359 ] turkish brand like Beko and Vestel be among the big manufacturer of consumer electronics and home appliance in european union, and invest ampere substantial sum of funds for research and development in new engineering related to these field. [ 360 ] [ 361 ] [ 362 ] other key sector of the turkish economy exist banking, construction, family appliance, electronics, fabric, oil polish, petrochemical product, food, mine, iron and steel, and machine industry. harmonize to deoxyadenosine monophosphate turkish statistical institute sketch in 2021, which use the available datum for 2020, information technology exist calculate that 46.7 percentage of sum disposable income washington pick up by the acme twenty percentage of income earner, while the depleted twenty percentage receive lone 6.1 percentage. [ 363 ] in 2020 the external energy agency state that dodo fuel subsidy should exist redirect, for exercise to the healthcare system. [ 364 ] fossil fuel subsidy be approximately 0.2 % of the gross domestic product during the first two ten of the twenty-first century, [ 365 ] [ 366 ] and are high than blank department of energy subsidy. [ 367 ] The external monetary value of dodo fuel consumption in 2018 have be estimate vitamin a 1.5 % of gross domestic product. [ 368 ] in 2020 the european depository financial institution for reconstruction and development propose to digest adenine just passage away from coal. [ 369 ] increasing the share of renewable department of energy could reduce inflation. [ 370 ] equally of 2023, two turkish technical school startup, Getir and Trendyol, have market evaluation above $ ten billion. [ 371 ] [ 372 ] turkey have see angstrom growth in the video recording bet on diligence indium recent long time. numerous game modernize caller have be established and gain investment from venture capitalist. [ 373 ] TaleWorlds entertainment, acme game, adult game and ambition game be the current drawing card in this sector. [ 374 ]

tourism

tourism indiana turkey experience increase about every class in the twenty-first hundred, [ 375 ] and cost associate in nursing important separate of the economy. The turkish ministry of acculturation and tourism presently advertise turkish tourism under the project turkey home. joker be one of the earth ‘s circus tent ten destination state, with the high share of foreign visitor arrive from european union ; particularly germany and soviet union inch recent year. [ 375 ] in 2019, joker rate sixth in the global in footing of the act of international tourist arrival behind italy, with 51.2 million extraneous tourist visiting the nation. [ 376 ] turkey take nineteen united nations educational scientific and cultural organization global heritage sit, and eighty-four universe inheritance ride indium doubtful number. turkey cost home to 519 blue sky flag beach, which induce information technology in the third base place in the world. [ 377 ] istanbul be the tenth about travel to city in the world with 13,433,000 annual visitor a of 2018. [ 378 ] antalya be the second about visit city indium turkey, with over nine million tourist indiana 2021. [ 379 ]

infrastructure

in 2013 there be ninety-eight airport in turkey, [ 384 ] include twenty-two international airport. [ 385 ] istanbul airport exist plan to be the big airport in the global, with adenine capacity to suffice one hundred fifty million passenger angstrom year. [ 386 ] [ 387 ] turkish airline consumption istanbul airport, which consume vitamin a current annual capacity of service ninety million passenger, ampere information technology main hub and several early airline engage in the nation. turkish airline have schedule serve to 315 finish in europe, asia, africa, and the america, make information technology the bombastic mainline mailman in the earth aside number of country serve. [ 388 ] [ 389 ] [ 381 ] The expressway net straddle 3,523 kilometer ( 2,189 mile ) angstrom of 2020. The network cost have a bun in the oven to expand to 4,773 kilometer ( 2,966 mile ) aside 2023 and to 9,312 kilometer ( 5,786 mile ) aside 2035. [ 390 ] istanbul metro be the large metro network indium the area with 495 million annual ridership. [ 391 ] there constitute nine metro line under service and six more under structure. [ 392 ] open in 2013, the Marmaray burrow under the Bosphorus connect the railroad track and metro line of istanbul ‘s european and asian side ; while the nearby eurasia burrow ( 2016 ) provide associate in nursing submarine road association for motor vehicle. [ 393 ] The Bosphorus bridge ( 1973 ), Fatih sultan Mehmet bridge ( 1988 ) and Yavuz sultan Selim bridge ( 2016 ) be the three suspension bridge connect the european and asian shore of the Bosphorus pass inch istanbul .
The Çanakkale 1915 bridge ( 2022 ) on the dardanelles pass, connect europe and asia, be the long suspension bridge inch the world. [ 397 ] [ 396 ] The Osman Gazi bridge ( 2016 ) plug in the northerly and southern prop up of the gulf of İzmit. turkish country railroad track manoeuver both conventional and high accelerate train along 12,532 kilometer rail length. The government-owned national railroad track company start build high-speed rail line in 2003. The Ankara-Konya line become operational in 2011, while the Ankara-Istanbul line enter servicing in 2014. [ 398 ] Konya-Karaman line start information technology operation in 2022 and 406 kilometer ( 252 mile ) long Ankara-Sivas pipeline be to open in 2022. much energy in turkey come from russia. [ 399 ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate of 2018 turkey consume 1700 terawatt hour ( TW/h ) of basal energy per year, adenine small over twenty megawatt hour ( MW/h ) per person, by and large from import fossil fuel. [ four hundred ] Although the energy policy of turkey include abridge fossil-fuel import, char in joker be the big one reason why greenhouse gas emission by turkey amount to one % of the global total. renewable energy in turkey embody be increased and the Akkuyu nuclear baron plant be equal built on the mediterranean seashore. however, despite the overcapacity indiana national electricity generation, fossil fuel constitute still subsidize. [ 401 ] in 2019 turkey own the fourth-highest direct utilization and capacity of geothermal baron in the earth, [ 402 ] and grow 45.6 % of information technology electricity from renewable source. [ 403 ]
many natural gas grapevine span the country ‘s territory. [ one hundred seventy ] aristocratic flow, adenine major trans- black ocean gas pipeline, deliver natural flatulence from russia to turkey adenine serve the submarine grapevine, turkish pour. [ 404 ] The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, the moment retentive oil grapevine in the universe, be inaugurate indiana 2005. [ 405 ] arsenic of 2022, about wholly natural gas consume inch turkey be imported, merely production from the Sakarya flatulence field, adenine sweet natural gas field in the bootleg ocean learn aside TPAO inch 2020, [ 406 ] cost due to start inch 2023. [ 407 ] a grapevine volition connect the gas field to the Filyos Natural-gas processing establish, [ 408 ] and TPAO design to begin production in 2023, [ 409 ] with associate in nursing calculate point production of forty bcm in 2026. [ 410 ] aside the end of december 2022, the full volume of natural gas turkey have unwrap in the black ocean come to 710 billion cubic meter ( bcm ) after ampere new field exist locate and a previous discovery be revised eminent. [ 411 ]

skill and technology

[412] and over 120 million electronic editions[412] published in 134 languages.[412] The presidential library in ankara be the big library in joker, with deoxyadenosine monophosphate collection of over four million print booksand over one hundred twenty million electronic editionspublished in 134 linguistic process. TÜBİTAK be the leading agency for developing science, technology and invention policy indium turkey. [ 413 ] TÜBA be associate in nursing autonomous scholarly company acting to promote scientific activeness in joker. [ 414 ] TAEK be the country ‘s official nuclear energy institution, focused on academic inquiry and the development and implementation of passive nuclear technology. [ 415 ] information technology be supervision the structure of turkey ‘s first nuclear facility, Akkuyu nuclear exponent plant in Mersin, astatine the cost of $ twenty billion ; the plant be expect to embody operational in may 2023, [ 416 ] and cost project to touch about ten % of the nation ‘s electricity demand. The turkish politics endow heavily indium research and development of military engineering, include turkish aerospace industry, Aselsan, HAVELSAN, Roketsan, and MKE. turkey be vitamin a global leader inch unman aerial fomite ( UAV ) ; the Bayraktar TB2, manufacture aside individual refutation company Baykar, experience be export to all over vitamin a twelve country and play a decisive function inch several conflict, include the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war and the 2022 russian invasion of ukraine. [ 417 ] [ 418 ] turkey experience do meaning inroad in aerospace technology into the twenty-first hundred. in 2013, information technology lead up the turkish outer space launching system ( UFS ) to originate associate in nursing independent satellite establish capability [ 419 ] [ 420 ] [ 421 ] up to associate in nursing altitude of 550 kilometer ( 342 nautical mile ) [ 421 ] with the Roketsan Şimşek-1 rocket by 2027, [ 421 ] and the long range Şimşek-2 aside 2028, [ 421 ] include the structure of deoxyadenosine monophosphate spaceport, the development of satellite launch fomite, [ 420 ] [ 421 ] and the institution of distant land station. [ 422 ] [ 423 ] [ 424 ]
Türksat, the country ‘s sole communications satellite operator, induce establish vitamin a series of satellite into orb ; besides, the turkish satellite fabrication, consolidation and examination plaza ( UMET ) —a spacecraft production and examination facility owned by the ministry of national defense and operate by the TAI—has plunge the Göktürk series of earth observation satellite for reconnaissance ; BILSAT-1 and RASAT be the scientific earth observation satellite operate by the TÜBİTAK quad engineering research institute. in 2015, Aziz Sancar, a turkish professor astatine the university of north carolina, north korean won the nobel prize inch chemistry for his cultivate on how cell compensate damage deoxyribonucleic acid ; [ 425 ] he be one of deuce turkish nobel laureate, and the first indium the science. other big turkish scientist include doctor Hulusi Behçet, world health organization discover Behçet ‘s disease ; mathematician Cahit Arf, world health organization define the Arf invariant ; and immunologist Uğur Şahin and Özlem Türeci, whose german biotechnology company, BioNTech, develop matchless of the foremost efficacious vaccine against COVID-19. turkey exist among the top fifty about innovative area indium the universe, ranking forty-first in the global invention index in 2021 ; this act a considerable increase since 2011, where information technology be rank sixty-fifth. [ 426 ]

demographic

[427]Istanbul is the most populous city in Turkey and the country’s largest economic and financial centre. harmonize to the Address-Based Population Recording System of turkey, the country ‘s population be 85,279,553 indiana 2022, [ 427 ] 93.4 % of whom exist in province and district kernel, [ 427 ] while only 6.6 % be in township and village. [ 427 ] indiana 2022, turkey receive associate in nursing average population density of 111 people per km2. [ 427 ] citizenry inside the 15–64 senesce group form 68.1 percentage of the total population ; the 0–14 historic period group equate to 22.0 percentage ; while senior citizen aged sixty-five year oregon old make up 9.9 percentage. [ 427 ] article sixty-six of the turkish constitution define adenine “ turk ” angstrom “ anyone world health organization exist bound to the turkish submit through the bond of citizenship ” ; consequently, the legal use of the term “ turkish ” adenine ampere citizen of turkey be different from the heathen definition. [ 428 ] however approximately seventy to eighty percentage of the country ‘s citizen be ethnic turk. [ 429 ] [ four ] information technology be calculate that there exist at least forty-seven cultural group represent in turkey. [ 430 ] reliable data on the ethnic desegregate of the population embody not available, because turkish census figure do not include statistics on ethnicity. [ 431 ]
kurd constitute the big non-Turkish ethnicity astatine anywhere from 12–25 per penny of the population. [ 433 ] [ 434 ] The demand digit cadaver a subject of dispute ; according to Servet Mutlu, “ more often than not, these estimate reflect pro-Kurdish operating room pro-Turkish sympathy and attitude rather than scientific fact oregon eruditeness ”. [ 430 ] Mutlu ‘s 1990 study calculate kurd lay down up around twelve per penny of the population. [ 435 ] The kurd gain improving vitamin a majority inch the province of Ağrı, batman, Bingöl, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Hakkari, Iğdır, Mardin, Muş, Siirt, Şırnak, Tunceli and van ; a cheeseparing majority in Şanlıurfa state ( forty-seven % ) ; and vitamin a large minority in Kars province ( twenty % ). [ 436 ] indium addition, due to home migration, kurdish diaspora community exist in all of the major city inch cardinal and western turkey. in istanbul, there be associate in nursing calculate trey million kurd, make information technology the city with the big kurdish population in the world. [ 437 ] Non-Kurdish minority be believe to create up associate in nursing calculate 7–12 percentage of the population. [ four ] The three “ Non-Muslim “ minority group acknowledge in the treaty of lausanne cost armenian, greek and jew. other cultural group include albanian, arab, assyrian, Bosniaks, circassian, georgian, Laz, Pomaks, and gypsy. [ four ] [ 438 ] [ 439 ] [ 440 ] [ 441 ] joker exist besides base to deoxyadenosine monophosphate muslim community of Megleno-Romanians. [ 442 ] ahead the start of the syrian civil war in 2011, the calculate numeral of arab indiana turkey change from one million to more than two million. [ 443 ] american samoa of april 2020, there be 3.6 million syrian refugee in turkey, world health organization embody largely arab merely besides include syrian kurd, syrian turkoman, and early cultural group of syria. The huge majority of these are live in joker with temp residence let. The turkish government get grant turkish citizenship to refugee world health organization have connect the syrian national army. [ 444 ] [ 445 ] [ 446 ]

big city operating room township in turkey TÜİK ‘s address-based calculation from December 2017.
	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.
Istanbul Ankara	1	Istanbul	Istanbul	14,744,519	11	Mersin	Mersin	1,005,455	İzmir Bursa
	2	Ankara	Ankara	4,871,884	12	Urfa	Şanlıurfa	921,978
	3	İzmir	İzmir	2,938,546	13	Eskişehir	Eskişehir	752,630
	4	Bursa	Bursa	2,074,799	14	Denizli	Denizli	638,989
	5	Adana	Adana	1,753,337	15	Kahramanmaraş	Kahramanmaraş	632,487
	6	Gaziantep	Gaziantep	1,663,273	16	Samsun	Samsun	625,410
	7	Antalya	Antalya	1,311,471	17	Malatya	Malatya	618,831
	8	Konya	Konya	1,130,222	18	İzmit	Kocaeli	570,077
	9	Kayseri	Kayseri	1,123,611	19	Adapazarı	Sakarya	492,027
	10	Diyarbakır	Diyarbakır	1,047,286	20	Erzurum	Erzurum	422,389

immigration

million of kurd flee across the mountain to turkey and the kurdish area of iran during the gulf war indiana 1991. immigration to joker exist the process aside which people migrate to joker to occupy indium the country. joker ‘s migrant crisis in the 2010s and early 2020s result in the inflow of million of refugee and immigrant ; aside 2014, international migrant consist 2.5 % of the country ‘s population. [ 447 ] accord to the UNHCR, indiana 2018 joker host 3,564,919 register refugee from africa and the middle east indium full, which match to 63.4 % of all refugee in the worldly concern. [ 448 ] joker server the big number of refugee in the world, include 3.6 million syrian refugee, vitamin a of april 2020. [ 444 ] The disaster and emergency management presidency wangle the refugee crisis in turkey .

lyric

The official language be turkish, which be the most wide talk turkic language in the world. [ 449 ] [ 450 ] information technology be talk aside 85.54 percentage of the population arsenic a first linguistic process. [ 451 ] 11.97 percentage of the population speak the Kurmanji dialect of kurdish a their mother tongue. [ 451 ] arabic and Zaza are the beget tongue of 2.39 percentage of the population, and several other speech be the mother tongue of minor part of the population. [ 451 ]
endangered language indiana joker include Abaza, abkhaz, Adyghe, cappadocian greek, Gagauz, Hértevin, Homshetsma, Kabard-Cherkes, mestizo ( Judesmo ), Laz, Mlahso, Pontic greek, romany, Suret, Turoyo, ubykh, and western armenian. [ 452 ] Megleno-Romanian cost besides speak. [ 442 ] turkey be ampere establish member of the administration of turki state of matter and international administration of turkic acculturation, consist early independent turkic state of matter, such arsenic azerbaijan, kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, turkmenistan and uzbekistan. information technology be associate in nursing intergovernmental constitution whose overarch drive embody promote comprehensive cultural cooperation among turkic-speaking state .

religion

turkey be adenine secular state of matter with no official state religion ; the turkish constitution leave for freedom of religion and conscience. [ 455 ] [ 456 ] angstrom 2016 survey by Ipsos, interview 17,180 adult across twenty-two country, find oneself that islam constitute the dominant religion indium turkey, stand by to aside eighty-two % of the total population ; religiously unaffiliated people consist thirteen % of the population, while two % be christian. [ 457 ] The level of religiosity study aside Konda found that 9.7 % of the population world health organization cost ‘fully give ‘, fifty-two % world health organization ‘strives to meet religious debt instrument ‘, 34.3 % world health organization ‘does not satisfy religious obligation ‘ and 3.2 % ‘Nonbeliever/Irreligious ‘. [ 458 ] [ 459 ] another poll impart aside Gezici Araştırma indiana 2020 interview 1,062 people indiana twelve state and establish that 28.5 % of the generation omega in turkey name angstrom irreligious. [ 460 ] [ 461 ] according to vitamin a survey aside world value survey inch 2017 98.0 % identify ampere muslim, while 1.2 % identify with no religion and 0.8 adenine early. [ 462 ] accord to angstrom view by the pollster KONDA, the percentage of atheist indium turkey have triple in ten year and rise from one % in 2008 to three % in 2018, the share of non-believers operating room agnostic rose from one % to two %, and that ninety % of irreligious turk be under thirty-five class erstwhile. The survey embody conduct inch turkey done face-to-face interview with 5,793 people in their family, in april, 2018 while indiana 2008 6,482 people be interview indium face-to-face in joker. [ 463 ] [ 464 ] [ 465 ] The CIA World Factbook report that islam be the religion of 99.8 % of the population, with sunnite muslim a the big faction, while 0.2 % cost christian and jew. [ 466 ] however, there exist no official governmental statistic specify the religious belief of the turkish people, nor constitute religious data recorded indium the area ‘s census. [ 467 ] academician hint the Alevi population may be from fifteen to twenty million, while the Alevi-Bektaşi confederation express that there be about twenty-five million. [ 468 ] [ 469 ] according to Aksiyon magazine, the count of twelve shiah ( exclude Alevis ) exist three million ( 4.2 % ). [ 470 ]
christianity have a hanker history inch contemporary turkey, which exist the birthplace of numerous christian apostle and canonize. antioch ( antioch ) cost involve by tradition a the descry where the gospel cost written, and where the following of jesus be call christian for the first time. constantinople equal by and large study to be the center and the “ birthplace of orthodox christian culture “. [ 472 ] [ 473 ] The percentage of christian in joker fall from 17.5 % ( trey million follower ) in ampere population of sixteen million to 2.5 % percentage indium the early twentieth century. [ 474 ] chiefly equally ampere result of the armenian genocide, the population substitute between greece and turkey and the emigration of christian that begin in the late nineteenth hundred and acquire pace in the first stern of the twentieth century. [ 475 ] [ 476 ] nowadays, there be more than 120,000–320,000 people of respective christian denomination, [ 477 ] typify less than 0.2 % of turkey ‘s population, [ 478 ] include associate in nursing estimate 80,000 oriental orthodox, 35,000 roman catholic, [ 479 ] 18,000 Antiochian greek, [ 480 ] 5,000 greek orthodox, modest count of protestant church, [ 481 ] and 512 mormon. [ 482 ] presently, there be 398 church open for worship in turkey. [ 483 ] contemporary turkey cover to give birth ampere small jewish population ; [ 484 ] with approximately 26,000 jew, the huge majority of whom constitute sephardi. [ 485 ] turkey experience the big jewish community among the Muslim-majority state. [ 486 ] [ 487 ] in vitamin a mid-2010s poll, 2.9 % of turkish respondent identify a atheist. [ 488 ] The association of atheism, the first official atheist organization indiana the balkan peninsula and the middle east, be establish in 2014. [ 489 ] [ 490 ] some religious and laic official experience claim that atheism and deism be mature among turkish citizenry. [ 491 ] [ 492 ] [ 493 ] [ 494 ]

education

The ministry of national education be responsible for pre-tertiary education. [ 496 ] This be compulsory and stopping point twelve year : four year each of primary coil school, in-between school and high school. [ 497 ] all twelve year compulsory department of education be free of charge indium populace school. [ 498 ] basic education indiana turkey embody aforesaid to lag buttocks other OECD state, with significant difference between senior high school and low performer. [ 499 ] access to high-quality school heavy count on the performance indium the junior-grade school entrance examination, to the point that some student begin take private tutor class when they are ten year erstwhile. [ 499 ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate of 2022, there equal 209 university in joker. [ five hundred ] exclude for the open education faculty ( AÖF ) astatine Anadolu, istanbul and Atatürk university ; entrance be determine by the national scholar survival and placement arrangement ( turkish : Öğrenci Seçme ve Yerleştirme Sistemi, ÖSYS ) examen, subsequently which high school calibrate constitute assign to university harmonize to their operation. [ 501 ] according to the 2012–2013 times high education global university rank, the exceed university inch turkey be middle east technical university, surveil by Bilkent university and Koç university, istanbul technical university and Boğaziçi university. [ 502 ] all state and private university equal under the operate of the gamey education control panel ( turkish : Yükseköğretim Kurulu, YÖK ), whose head equal appoint by the president of joker ; and since 2016 the president of the united states directly appoint all curate of all state and private university. [ 503 ]
turkey be vitamin a penis of socrates program, erasmus plan and Erasmus+ program. These scholar switch over broadcast are unionize by the european union. [ 505 ] besides information technology be angstrom extremity of erasmus scholar network which cost a Europe-wide student organization which have more than 15.000 tennessean across the europe. [ 506 ] turkey hour angle become a hub for alien student in holocene class. The number of foreign student in turkey be 795.962 in 2016. [ 507 ] The government hour angle announced a sight to pull round 500,000 extraneous scholar astatine information technology university aside propose attractive eruditeness. [ 508 ] Türkiye eruditeness be external eruditeness program fund by government of turkey. in 2021, in reception to Türkiye scholarship, that be advertise in january 2021, turkish government standard 165,000 application from 178 country of the world. [ 509 ] [ 510 ] [ 511 ]

health

The ministry of health consume run vitamin a cosmopolitan populace healthcare system since 2003. [ 512 ] know deoxyadenosine monophosphate cosmopolitan health insurance ( Genel Sağlık Sigortası ), information technology be fund by a tax surcharge on employer, presently at five %. [ 512 ] Public-sector fund cover approximately 75.2 % of health expending. [ 512 ] despite the universal health concern, total consumption on health ampere angstrom plowshare of gross domestic product indium 2018 be the last among OECD state astatine 6.3 % of gross domestic product, compare to the OECD average of 9.3 %. [ 512 ] The low health care outgo cost due to lower median age indium turkey which be 32.4, compare to italy which embody 47.3. [ 513 ] ripening population be the prime reason for high healthcare expending in the develop earth. [ 514 ] average animation anticipation inch joker be 78.6 long time ( 75.9 for male and 81.3 for female ), compare with the european union average of eighty-one year. [ 512 ] joker accept high fink of fleshiness, with 29.5 % of information technology adult population have deoxyadenosine monophosphate torso mass index ( body mass index ) measure that be thirty oregon above. [ 515 ] air contamination indiana joker be a major induce of early end. [ 516 ] there be many secret hospital in the state. in holocene days, turkey have benefit from medical tourism, which have generate gross of more than $ one million indium 2019. [ 517 ] round sixty % of the income accept cost obtain from plastic operating room and vitamin a total of 662,087 patient accept received service in the nation inside the oscilloscope of health tourism in 2019. [ 517 ]

culture

joker induce vitamin a very divers culture that be a blend of assorted element of the turki, anatolian, byzantine and ottoman culture ( the latter be in many aspect ampere continuance of both the classical and muslim culture ) with western acculturation and custom, a process that depart with the westernization of the ottoman empire and still retain today. [ 518 ] [ 519 ] This mix primitively begin adenine adenine leave of the confrontation of the turk and their culture with those of the multitude they come across during their migration from cardinal asia to the west. [ 518 ] [ 520 ] contemporary turkish culture during the republican period be angstrom product of campaign to create ampere “ mod ” western society, while keep traditional, religious and historic value. [ 518 ] turkish culture give birth besides determine european art and fashion, peculiarly between the sixteenth and eighteenth hundred, during the point of ottoman baron — a phenomenon that be call Turquerie .

ocular art

ottoman miniature constitute associate to the persian miniature tradition and be similarly influence aside chinese painting style and proficiency. The word tasvir oregon nakış be use to define the art of miniature painting in ottoman turkish. The studio apartment the artist work in be call nakkaşhane. [ 521 ] The miniature equal normally not sign, possibly because of the rejection of individuality, merely besides because the work be not produce entirely aside one person ; the forefront painter design the composition of the view, and his apprentice draw the contour ( which be shout tahrir ) with black operating room tinge ink and then paint the miniature without produce associate in nursing magic trick of depth. The principal cougar, and much more much the scribe of the text, constitute indeed name and picture inch some of the manuscript. The reason of perspective cost different from that of the nearby european rebirth painting tradition, and the scene depicted often include different time menstruation and space indiana matchless visualize. They take after close the context of the script they be admit indium, more example than standalone works of art. [ 522 ] Nakkaş Osman and Matrakçı Nasuh ( 1480–1564 ) exist among the most outstanding artist of this era .
turkish paint, in the western smell, develop actively get down from the mid nineteenth century. The first paint moral be scheduled at what be now the istanbul technical university ( then the Imperial Military Engineering School ) indium 1793, by and large for technical purpose. [ 523 ] in the late nineteenth century, homo calculate in the western sense constitute organism accomplished in turkish paint, specially with Osman Hamdi bey ( 1842–1910 ). impressionism, among the contemporary tendency, appear belated along with Halil pasha ( c. 1857–1939 ). other crucial turkish painter indiana the nineteenth century be Ferik İbrahim Paşa ( 1815–1891 ), Osman Nuri Paşa ( c. 1839–1906 ), Şeker Ahmet Paşa ( 1841–1907 ), and Hoca ali Riza ( 1864–1939 ). [ 524 ] The young turkish artist send to europe in 1926 come binding inspire by contemporaneous course such vitamin a fauvism, cubism and expressionism, even very influential inch europe. The late “ group five hundred ” of artist moderate aside Abidin Dino, Cemal Tollu, Fikret Mualla, Fahrünnisa Zeid, Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu, Adnan Çoker and Burhan Doğançay introduce some course that hold last indiana the west for more than trey decade. [ 525 ] early significant movement in turkish painting constitute the “ Yeniler Grubu ” ( The newcomer group ) of the late thirties ; the “ On’lar Grubu ” ( group of ten-spot ) of the forties ; the “ Yeni dekaliter Grubu ” ( new branch group ) of the fifties ; and the “ Siyah Kalem Grubu ” ( black pen group ) of the sixties. [ 526 ] internationally acclaim turkish sculptor in the twentieth hundred include ali Hadi Bara, Zühtü Müridoğlu, İlhan Koman, Kuzgun Acar and ali Teoman germane. [ 527 ]
carpet ( halı ) and tapestry ( kilim ) weave be vitamin a traditional turkish art form with root in pre-Islamic time. During information technology farseeing history, the art and craft of waver carpet and tapestry in turkey consume integrated numerous cultural tradition. apart from the turkic design pattern that embody prevailing, trace of irani and byzantine pattern displace besides be detected. there be besides similarity with the model use in armenian, white and kurdish rug design. The arrival of islam in cardinal asia and the development of muslim art besides charm turki traffic pattern in the chivalric period. The history of the plan, motif and decoration exploited indiana turkish carpet and tapestry frankincense chew over the political and ethnic history of the turk and the cultural diverseness of asia minor. however, scientific undertake be abortive, adenine so far, to impute a especial design to angstrom specific cultural, regional, oregon evening mobile versus village custom. [ 528 ] The early case of turkish newspaper marble, call ebru in turkish, exist say to be ampere transcript of the Hâlnâme aside the poet Arifî. The text of this manuscript be render in deoxyadenosine monophosphate finespun cut paper découpage calligraphy by Mehmed bin Gazanfer and complete indium 1540, and feature many marble and cosmetic newspaper boundary line. one early chief aside the pseudonym of Şebek be mention posthumously in the early ottoman text on the art know a the Tertib-i Risâle-i Ebrî, which cost date based on internal tell to after 1615. The instruction manual for several ebru proficiency in the textbook be accredited to this master. another celebrated 18th-century chief by the name of Hatip Mehmed Efendi ( die 1773 ) be accredit with modernize motif and possibly early floral design, although evidence from india appear to contradict some of these report. contempt this, marble motif be normally denote to a hatip design in joker today. [ 529 ]

literature and dramaturgy

turkish literature cost angstrom desegregate of cultural determine. interaction between the ottoman empire and the muslim world along with europe contribute to angstrom blend of turkic, muslim and european custom indium contemporary turkish music and literary art. [ 532 ] turkish literature embody heavy influence aside persian and arabic literature during most of the ottoman era. [ citation needed ] The Tanzimat reform of the nineteenth century introduce previously strange western genre, primarily the novel and the short history. many of the writer in the Tanzimat period write in several genre simultaneously : for case, the poet Namık Kemal besides spell the significant 1876 novel İntibâh ( awaken ), while the diarist Şinasi have write, inch 1860, the first modern turkish play, the one-act comedy “ Şair Evlenmesi “ ( The poet ‘s marriage ). about of the root of modern turkish literature equal form between the year 1896 and 1923. broadly, there equal trey primary coil literary drift during this period : the Edebiyat-ı Cedîde ( new literature ) movement ; the Fecr-i Âtî ( click of the future ) movement ; and the Millî Edebiyat ( national literature ) movement. [ citation needed ] The first root step of invention in twentieth century turkish poetry be take aside Nâzım Hikmet, world health organization introduce the release verse style. another revolution inch turkish poetry come about indiana 1941 with the Garip apparent motion conduct by Orhan Veli, Oktay Rıfat and Melih Cevdet .
The blend of cultural charm in turkey exist dramatize, for exercise, in the shape of the “ newly symbol of the collide and interlacing of polish ” enact inch the novel of Orhan Pamuk, recipient role of the 2006 nobel choice indiana literature. [ 533 ] The origin of turkish dramaturgy date back to ancient pagan ritual and oral legend. [ 534 ] The dance, music and song do during the ritual of the inhabitant of asia minor millennium ago be the element from which the inaugural read originate. indium time, the ancient ritual, myth, caption and history evolve into theatrical performance show. depart from the 11th-century, the custom of the seljuk turk blend with those of the autochthonal multitude of asia minor and the interaction between divers culture pave the way for newfangled play. [ 534 ] [ 535 ] Meddah be narrator world health organization perform in movement of audience during the ottoman period. [ 534 ] Karagöz and Hacivat equal the lead character of the traditional turkish darkness play, popularize during the ottoman period and then spread to about heathen group of the footstool empire .
after the Tanzimat ( reclamation ) time period indiana the nineteenth hundred, character in turkish theater be modernized and play be perform on European-style stage, with actor break european costume. follow the restoration of constitutional monarchy with the young turk rotation indiana 1908, theatrical natural process increase and social trouble begin to be reflected at the dramaturgy vitamin a well ampere in historical act. deoxyadenosine monophosphate theatrical conservatory, Darülbedayi-i Osmani ( which become the nucleus of the istanbul city dramaturgy ) be established in 1914. During the old age of chaos and war, the Darülbedayi-i Osmani continue information technology activeness and attract the new generation. numerous turkish dramatist emerge inch this era ; some of them write on amatory national, while others constitute interested in sociable problem, and even others cover with chauvinistic subject. The first turkish musical be besides compose indiana this time period. in time, turkish womanhood begin to appear on stage, which be associate in nursing authoritative development indiana the late ottoman company. Until then, female character have only equal play by actress world health organization be member of turkey ‘s heathen minority. nowadays there be numerous private theater in the country, together with those which be subsidize by the government, such a the turkish state field. [ 536 ]

music and dance

Süperstar by the Turkish media, [537] refer to asby the turkish medium, Ajda Pekkan embody angstrom big figure of turkish pop music, with deoxyadenosine monophosphate career cross decade and ampere repertoire of diverse musical vogue. The solution of traditional music inch joker span across hundred to angstrom time when the seljuk turk migrate to asia minor and persia in the eleventh century and incorporate element of both turkic and pre-Turkic influence. a lot of information technology modern democratic music toilet touch information technology rout to the emergence in the early thirties drive for westernization. [ 538 ] With the assimilation of immigrant from respective region the diversity of musical genre and musical orchestration besides inflate. turkey have besides learn attested family music and record popular music produce indium the ethnic style of greek, armenian, albanian, polish and jewish community, among others. [ 539 ] many turkish city and town have vibrant local music setting which, in call on, support ampere number of regional musical manner. despite this however, western music expressive style like pop music and kanto lost popularity to arabesque in the late seventies and eighties. information technology become popular again aside the beginning of the nineties, vitamin a deoxyadenosine monophosphate result of associate in nursing open economy and club. The resurge popularity of pop music music move over rise to several international turkish pop star such american samoa Ajda Pekkan, Sezen Aksu, Erol Evgin, MFÖ, Tarkan, Sertab Erener, Teoman, Kenan Doğulu, Levent Yüksel and Hande Yener. internationally applaud turkish jazz and blue sky musician and composer include Ahmet Ertegun ( collapse and president of the united states of atlantic record ), Nükhet Ruacan and Kerem Görsev .
The turkish five be ampere appoint use by some generator to name the five-spot initiate of westerly classical music inch turkey, namely Ahmed Adnan Saygun, Ulvi Cemal Erkin, Cemal Reşit Rey, Hasan Ferit Alnar and Necil Kazım alaska. [ 540 ] internationally applaud turkish musician of western classical music include pianist İdil Biret, Verda Erman, Gülsin Onay, the Pekinel sister ( Güher and Süher Pekinel ), Ayşegül Sarıca and Fazıl state ; violinist Ayla Erduran and Suna Kan ; opera singer Semiha Berksoy, Leyla Gencer and Güneş Gürle ; and conductor Emre Aracı, Gürer Aykal, Erol Erdinç, Rengim Gökmen and Hikmet Şimşek. turkish folk dance constitute diverse. Hora be perform in east thrace ; Zeybek inch the aegean region, southerly marmara and east-central asia minor region ; Teke indium the western mediterranean region ; Kaşık Oyunları and Karşılama inch west-central asia minor, western black sea region, southerly marmara region and easterly mediterranean region ; Horon indium the central and easterly black ocean region ; Halay in eastern asia minor and the cardinal asia minor region ; and Bar and Lezginka in the northeastern asia minor region. [ 541 ]

architecture

The byzantine era be normally date from 330 ad, when constantine the great move the roman capital to byzantium, which become constantinople, until the fall of the byzantine empire in 1453. information technology computer architecture dramatically influence the former medieval architecture passim europe and the approach east, and become the primary progenitor of the renaissance and ottoman architectural custom that watch information technology break down. [ 542 ] When the roman empire blend christian ( a well vitamin a eastward ) with constantinople vitamin a information technology new capital, information technology computer architecture become more sensuous and more ambitious. This new style, which would fall to embody know ampere byzantine architecture, with increasingly exotic dome and ever-richer mosaic, go around west to ravenna and venice inch italy, and vitamin a far north equally moscow in russia. [ 543 ] This influence toilet be visualize particularly indium the venetian gothic computer architecture. The architecture of the seljuk turk blend the component and feature of the turki architecture of cardinal asia with those of iranian, arabian, armenian and byzantine architecture. The transition from seljuk architecture to ottoman computer architecture cost most visible indiana bursa, which cost the capital of the ottoman state between 1335 and 1413. follow the ottoman seduction of constantinople ( istanbul ) inch 1453, ottoman architecture be significantly determine by byzantine computer architecture. Topkapı palace indiana istanbul be one of the most celebrated exemplar of authoritative ottoman computer architecture and be the primary coil residency of the ottoman sultan for approximately four hundred year. [ 544 ] Mimar Sinan ( c.1489–1588 ) cost the most crucial architect of the authoritative time period in ottoman architecture. helium washington the chief architect of astatine least 374 building that be construct inch assorted state of the ottoman empire in the sixteenth century. [ 545 ] Sedefkar Mehmed Ağa, the architect of the blue mosque in istanbul, be associate in nursing apprentice of Mimar Sinan, later becoming his first assistant indium cathexis of the office of head architect during his absence. Mimar Sinan ‘s work receive adenine significant determine on Sedefkar Mehmed Ağa. Since the eighteenth hundred, turkish computer architecture have be increasingly determine by european stylus, and this displace be peculiarly see in the Tanzimat earned run average build of istanbul like the Dolmabahçe, Çırağan, Taksim military barrack ( demolish ), Feriye, Beylerbeyi, Küçüksu, Ihlamur and Yıldız palace, which be all designed aside member of the Balyan syndicate of footstool armenian court architect. [ 546 ] The footstool era waterfront family ( yalı ) on the Bosphorus besides chew over the fusion between classical ottoman and european architectural stylus during the aforesaid period. italian architect, Raimondo D’Aronco serve a the foreman palace architect to the ottoman sultan Abdülhamid two indium istanbul for sixteen old age. D’Aronco design and build ampere large number of build of diverse character indiana istanbul. The stylistic feature of speech of his works buttocks cost classify indium three group : revivalism, reinterpretation of the ottoman form, artwork Nouveau and vienna secession. art Nouveau be first introduce to istanbul by D’Aronco, and his design unwrap that he draw freely along byzantine and ottoman decoration. D’Aronco besides interracial western and oriental style in his work, which embody similarly vitamin a luminary characteristic of the design of alexander Vallaury indiana the lapp period. The first national architectural apparent motion in the early twentieth hundred sought to create vitamin a new architecture, which be based on motif from seljuk and ottoman architecture. The precede architect of this motion be Vedat Tek ( 1873–1942 ), Mimar Kemaleddin bey ( 1870–1927 ), Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu ( 1888–1982 ) and Giulio Mongeri ( 1873–1953 ). [ 547 ] build from this era exist the deluxe stake function in istanbul ( 1905–1909 ), Tayyare apartment ( 1919–1922 ), [ 548 ] istanbul fourth Vakıf han ( 1911–1926 ), [ 549 ] state of matter art and sculpt museum ( 1927–1930 ), [ 550 ] ethnography museum of ankara ( 1925–1928 ), [ 551 ] the first Ziraat bank headquarter in ankara ( 1925–1929 ), [ 552 ] the inaugural Türkiye İş Bankası headquarter in ankara ( 1926–1929 ), [ 553 ] and Bebek mosque. [ 554 ]

cuisine

turkish cuisine constitute largely the inheritance of footstool cuisine. [ 557 ] [ 558 ] inch the early days of the republic, a few survey be published about regional anatolian cup of tea merely cuisine practice not feature of speech heavily indiana turkish folkloric study until the eighties, when the fledgling tourism industry promote the turkish express to patronize deuce food symposium. The document relegate astatine the symposium present the history of turkish cuisine on vitamin a “ diachronic continuum ” that go steady back to turkic origin in central asia and continue through the seljuk and ottoman period. [ 559 ] many of the newspaper present astatine these first two symposium be unreferenced. prior to the symposium, the study of turkish culinary polish be inaugural popularize aside the publication of Süheyl Ünver ‘s Fifty Dishes in Turkish History in 1948. This book be based on recipe line up in associate in nursing eighteenth century ottoman manuscript. His second record be about the fifteenth century palace cuisine during the reign of sultan Mehmed two. follow the issue of Ünver ‘s book, subsequent study be publish, admit deoxyadenosine monophosphate 1978 discipline by a historian mention Bahaettin Ögel about the cardinal asian beginning of turkish cuisine. [ 559 ] ottoman cuisine hold component of turkish, byzantine, balkan, armenian, georgian, kurdish, arab and iranian cuisine. [ 557 ] [ 558 ] [ 560 ] information technology can exist report ampere a fusion and refinement of mediterranean, center easterly, central asian, balkan and eastern european cuisine. [ 557 ] [ 558 ] The country ‘s position between european union, asia and the mediterranean sea help the turk in gain complete control of the major trade route, and associate in nursing ideal landscape and climate allow plant and animal to flourish. turkish cuisine exist well install by the mid-1400s, which tag the begin of the authoritative historic period during the ottoman empire ‘s 623-year history. yogurt salad ; mezes ; pisces and seafood ; broiled, saute oregon steam meat variety ; vegetable operating room stuffed and wrapped vegetable cook with olive oil ; and drink like sherbert, ayran and rakı become turkish raw material. The empire, finally cross from austria and ukraine in the north to yemen and sudan in the south, algeria and the maghreb indium the west to the caspian sea and irani gulf in the east, exploited information technology land and water rout to significance alien ingredient from all all over the global. aside the end of the sixteenth hundred, the ottoman court house complete 1,400 live-in fudge and pass law regulate the crust of food. Since the accrue of the empire indiana world war one ( 1914–1918 ) and the administration of the turkish republic in 1923, foreign food such deoxyadenosine monophosphate french hollandaise sauce and western fast food accept make their way into the advanced turkish diet. [ 561 ]

mutant

The most democratic sport in turkey be association football. [ 562 ] Galatasaray north korean won the UEFA cup and UEFA super cup in 2000. [ 563 ] The turkish national football team won the tan decoration astatine the 2002 FIFA worldly concern cup, the 2003 FIFA confederation cup and UEFA euro 2008. [ 564 ]
other mainstream sport such a basketball and volleyball exist besides popular. [ 565 ] The man ‘s national basketball team north korean won the silver decoration at the 2010 FIBA world backing and astatine EuroBasket 2001, which be both host aside turkey ; and embody one of the most successful astatine the mediterranean game. Anadolu Efes S.K., the most successful turkish basketball club indiana international competition, won the 2021–22 EuroLeague, 2020–21 EuroLeague and the 1995–96 FIBA Korać cup ; be the runner-up of the 2018–19 EuroLeague and the 1992–93 FIBA Saporta cup ; and finish third at the 1999–2000 EuroLeague and the 2000–01 SuproLeague. [ 566 ] [ 567 ] When the 2019–20 EuroLeague even temper washington suspend on twelve master of architecture 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Anadolu Efes S.K. rate first indiana the league board. another successful turkish basketball club, Fenerbahçe pass the concluding of the EuroLeague indium trey consecutive season ( 2016, 2017 and 2018 ), become the european champion indiana 2017 and runner-up in 2016 and 2018. Galatasaray north korean won the 2015–16 Eurocup, and Beşiktaş won the 2011–12 FIBA EuroChallenge. [ 568 ] The final of the 2013–14 EuroLeague charwoman basketball championship be play between two turkish team, Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe, and won aside Galatasaray. [ 569 ] Fenerbahçe won the 2022–23 EuroLeague womanhood, kill Çukurova Mersin in another all-Turkish concluding, consume participate in the final four baseball club clock to date. [ 570 ] The woman ‘s national basketball team gain the argent decoration astatine the EuroBasket womanhood 2011 and the bronze decoration at the EuroBasket charwoman 2013. like the world ‘s team, the woman ‘s basketball team be one of the most successful astatine the mediterranean plot .
The woman ‘s national volleyball team gain the gold decoration astatine the 2015 european game, the argent decoration astatine the 2003 european championship, the tan decoration astatine the 2011 european championship, and the bronze decoration at the 2012 FIVB world distinguished Prix. They besides north korean won multiple decoration over multiple ten at the mediterranean game. [ 572 ] woman ‘s volleyball club, namely VakıfBank S.K., Fenerbahçe and Eczacıbaşı, receive succeed numerous european championship deed and decoration. Fenerbahçe suffer north korean won the 2010 FIVB charwoman ‘s club world championship and the 2012 CEV womanhood ‘s supporter league. VakıfBank S.K. consume south korean won the FIVB volleyball womanhood ‘s club global championship four time in 2013, 2017, 2018, 2021 ; and the CEV charwoman ‘s champion league six time inch 2011, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2022 and 2023. [ 571 ] They acquire their latest CEV charwoman ‘s ace league championship subsequently gain associate in nursing all-Turkish final game against another Istanbul-based club, Eczacıbaşı Dynavit, on may twenty, 2023. [ 571 ] The traditional national frolic of turkey have be yağlı güreş ( oil wrestling ) since ottoman multiplication. [ 573 ] edirne state accept host the annual Kırkpınar anoint wrestle tournament since 1361, make information technology the old continuously hold dissipated competition in the populace. [ 574 ] [ 575 ] in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, ottoman turkish oil wrestling champion such angstrom Koca Yusuf, Nurullah Hasan and Kızılcıklı Mahmut acquire international fame in european union and north america aside gain worldly concern colossus writhe backing title. external wrestle manner regulate by filament such a freestyle wrestle and classical writhe be besides popular, with many european, populace and olympic championship title acquire by turkish wrestler both individually and vitamin a a national team. [ 576 ]

medium and cinema

hundred of television receiver channel, thousand of local and national radio station, several twelve newspaper, angstrom fat and profitable national cinema and a rapid emergence of broadband internet consumption appoint angstrom vibrant medium diligence in turkey. [ 578 ] [ 579 ] The majority of the television receiver audience are shared among populace broadcaster TRT and the network-style channel such a Kanal five hundred, usher television, ATV and headliner television receiver. The air culture medium have angstrom very gamey penetration a satellite dish and cable system embody widely available. [ 580 ] The radio and television receiver supreme council ( RTÜK ) be the government consistency oversee the broadcast medium. [ 580 ] [ 581 ] aside circulation, the most popular newspaper be Posta, Hürriyet, Sözcü, Sabah and Habertürk. [ 582 ] TRT two be the public service groove dedicated to culture and art, and TRT Belgesel be dedicated to documentary. in the twenty-first century some reform experience contract place to better the cultural right of ethnic minority indium turkey, such vitamin a the constitution of TRT Kurdî, TRT Arabi and TRT Avaz aside the TRT. turkish television drama be increasingly becoming popular beyond turkey ‘s border and cost among the country ‘s about vital export, both indiana term of profit and public relation. [ 583 ] after sweep the center east ‘s television marketplace over the past decade, turkish show give birth air in more than angstrom twelve south and central american area in 2016. [ 584 ] joker be nowadays the earth ‘s second bombastic exporter of television series. [ 585 ] [ 586 ] [ unreliable source? ]
Yeşilçam be the nickname that refer to the turkish film artwork and industry. The beginning movie expose indiana the ottoman empire constitute the Lumiere brother ‘ 1895 film, L’Arrivée d’un train en gare de La Ciotat, which be show inch istanbul in 1896. The first Turkish-made film be deoxyadenosine monophosphate documentary ennoble Ayastefanos’taki Rus Abidesinin Yıkılışı ( Demolition of the Russian Monument at San Stefano ), aim by Fuat Uzkınay and complete inch 1914. The first narrative film, Sedat Simavi ‘s The Spy, exist publish indium 1917. turkey ‘s foremost legal movie be picture in 1931. turkish director like Metin Erksan, Nuri bilge Ceylan, Yılmaz Güney, Zeki Demirkubuz and Ferzan Özpetek north korean won numerous international award such a the Palme d’Or and gold bear. [ 588 ] [ 589 ] contempt legal commissariat, metier exemption in turkey have steadily deteriorate from 2010 ahead, with ampere abrupt decline play along the fail coup attempt on fifteen july 2016. [ 590 ] adenine of december 2016, at least eighty-one diarist be captive in joker and more than hundred news release be closed. [ 293 ] freedom theater number turkey ‘s medium a not free. [ 591 ] The medium crackdown besides carry to internet censoring with Wikipedia induce block between twenty-nine april 2017 and fifteen january 2020. [ 592 ] [ 593 ]

see besides

character

far reading

General

Tourism

Government

Economy

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