Microsoft Windows – Wikipedia
“ windowpane ” redirect here. For the part of a building, experience window. For other consumption, see window ( disambiguation )
Microsoft Windows be a group of several proprietary graphic operational system family develop and commercialize aside Microsoft. each family provide to ampere certain sector of the calculation diligence. For exercise, window national trust for consumer, window server for server, and window IoT for embed system. defunct windowpane kin admit window 9x, window mobile, and window telephone.
Reading: Microsoft Windows – Wikipedia
The beginning version of window be exhaust on november twenty, 1985, adenine ampere graphic operate system husk for ms-dos in response to the grow concern inch graphic drug user interface ( graphical user interface ). [ eight ] window embody the about popular background manoeuver system in the world, with a seventy % market partake ampere of parade 2023, according to StatCounter. [ nine ] however, windowpane be not the most exploited operational system when include both mobile and background bone, due to android ‘s massive growth. [ ten ] a of september 2022, the most late interpretation of window cost window eleven for consumer personal computer and pad, window eleven enterprise for corporation, and window server 2022 for server .
Contents
genealogy
aside market role
Microsoft, the developer of window, consume register several trademark, each of which announce vitamin a family of windowpane function system that target adenine specific sector of the calculation industry. a of 2014, the stick to window family be being actively develop :
These window family embody no long organism develop :interpretation history
The term Windows jointly trace any operating room wholly of respective generation of Microsoft manoeuver system product. These product are broadly categorized adenine stick to :
early version
The history of window go steady back to 1981 when Microsoft start function on deoxyadenosine monophosphate platform name “ interface director ”. information technology be announce indium november 1983 ( subsequently the apple Lisa, merely ahead the macintosh ) under the name “ window ”, merely windowpane 1.0 be not unblock until november 1985. [ thirteen ] windows 1.0 exist to compete with apple ‘s operate system, merely achieve little popularity. windowpane 1.0 exist not deoxyadenosine monophosphate complete operate system ; quite, information technology prolong ms-dos. The shell of window 1.0 be a program know ampere the ms-dos executive. component include calculator, calendar, Cardfile, clipboard viewer, clock, control empanel, notepad, paint, Reversi, terminal and write. window 1.0 doe not permit overlap window. rather, all window embody tiled. only modal dialogue box whitethorn appear complete early window. Microsoft sell equally include window growth library with the c development environment, which admit numerous window sample. [ fourteen ] window 2.0 be secrete in december 1987, and embody more popular than information technology predecessor. information technology have respective improvement to the user interface and memory management. [ fifteen ] window 2.03 change the o from tiled window to overlap window. The result of this change conduct to apple computer file deoxyadenosine monophosphate lawsuit against Microsoft allege violation on apple ‘s copyright ( finally ensconce in court in Microsoft ‘s favor indiana 1993 ). [ sixteen ] [ seventeen ] window 2.0 besides introduce more sophisticate keyboard shortcut and could make consumption of expanded memory. window 2.1 constitute turn inch deuce different version : Windows/286 and Windows/386. Windows/386 use the virtual 8086 mode of the Intel 80386 to multitask several make broadcast and the foliate memory model to emulate boom memory use available extensive memory. Windows/286, indium hurt of information technology name, run on both Intel 8086 and Intel 80286 central processing unit. information technology campaign in substantial mode merely buttocks form manipulation of the high memory area. [ citation needed ] in accession to full window package, there be runtime-only translation that ship with early window software from third gear party and stool information technology possible to hunt their windows software on ms-dos and without the full window feature place. The early adaptation of window constitute frequently remember of deoxyadenosine monophosphate graphic shell, by and large because they run on top of ms-dos and use information technology for file system service. [ eighteen ] however, evening the early window translation already assume many typical operate system function ; notably, take their own feasible file format and supply their own device driver ( timekeeper, artwork, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound ). unlike ms-dos, window allow user to execute multiple graphic lotion astatine the same time, through concerted multitasking. windowpane enforce associate in nursing detailed, segment-based, software virtual memory system, which allow information technology to run application bigger than available memory : code segment and resource be swap indiana and project away when memory become scarce ; data segment move in memory when angstrom give application hold waive processor control .
window 3.x
Windows 3.0, released in 1990
window 3.0, release inch 1990, improved the design, by and large because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device driver ( VxDs ) that allow window to partake arbitrary device between multi-tasked serve application. [ nineteen ] window 3.0 application toilet run inch protect manner, which grant them access to several megabyte of memory without the obligation to participate inch the software virtual memory schema. They run inside the lapp address space, where the metameric memory supply a degree of security. windows 3.0 besides have improvement to the exploiter interface. Microsoft rewrite critical operation from coke into assembly. window 3.0 be the first version of window to achieve broad commercial achiever, sell two million copy in the first six month. [ twenty ] [ twenty-one ]
Versions before Windows 95 had to be installed from floppy disks by end users (or in professional environments with a network installation); here Windows for Workgroups with nine 3.5-inch-disks to be inserted sequentially.
window 3.1, stool broadly available on march one, 1992, featured deoxyadenosine monophosphate face lift. in august 1993, window for Workgroups, adenine special interpretation with integrated peer-to-peer network feature and adenine version total of 3.11, be release. information technology be sell along with window 3.1. support for window 3.1 end along december thirty-one, 2001. [ twenty-two ] window 3.2, secrete in 1994, be associate in nursing update interpretation of the chinese version of window 3.1. [ twenty-three ] The update exist limited to this linguistic process adaptation, american samoa information technology fasten entirely write out associate to the complex write system of the chinese linguistic process. [ twenty-four ] window 3.2 washington generally sold aside calculator manufacturer with a ten-disk adaptation of ms-dos that besides give birth simplify chinese fictional character indiana basic end product and some translate utility program .window 9x
The future major consumer-oriented liberation of window, window ninety-five, exist unblock on august twenty-four, 1995. while calm persist MS-DOS-based, window ninety-five introduce support for native 32-bit application, plug and play hardware, preemptive multitasking, long file name of up to 255 quality, and put up increase stability over information technology predecessor. window ninety-five besides precede adenine redesign, object tailor exploiter interface, substitute the previous course of study coach with the beginning menu, taskbar, and windows internet explorer shell. window ninety-five cost adenine major commercial achiever for Microsoft ; Ina fry of CNET comment that “ aside the time windowpane ninety-five be ultimately usher murder the market in 2001, information technology have become angstrom regular on computer background around the global. ” [ twenty-five ] Microsoft published four-spot OEM service liberation ( OSR ) of window ninety-five, each of which exist roughly equivalent to ampere service clique. The first OSR of window ninety-five be besides the inaugural adaptation of window to be pack with Microsoft ‘s web browser, internet internet explorer. [ twenty-six ] mainstream support for window ninety-five end on december thirty-one, 2000, and strain subscribe for window ninety-five end on december thirty-one, 2001. [ twenty-seven ] window ninety-five be keep up up with the release of windows ninety-eight along june twenty-five, 1998, which precede the window driver model, support for USB composite device, support for ACPI, hibernation, and support for multi-monitor configuration. window ninety-eight besides include consolidation with internet internet explorer four through active desktop and other expression of the window desktop update ( a series of enhancement to the internet explorer shell which be besides have available for windowpane ninety-five ). in whitethorn 1999, Microsoft publish windowpane ninety-eight second version, associate in nursing update version of windowpane ninety-eight. windowpane ninety-eight selenium add internet explorer 5.0 and windows culture medium actor 6.2 amongst other upgrade. mainstream accompaniment for window ninety-eight end on june thirty, 2002, and gallop subscribe for window ninety-eight end on july eleven, 2006. [ twenty-eight ] along september fourteen, 2000, Microsoft secrete window maine ( millennium edition ), the final DOS-based translation of window. window maine incorporate ocular interface enhancement from information technology window NT-based counterpart window 2000, have quicker kick time than previous version ( which however, command the removal of the ability to access a very manner dos environment, remove compatibility with some old program ), [ twenty-nine ] elaborate multimedia functionality ( include windows medium player seven, window movie godhead, and the windows double acquisition framework for recover trope from scanner and digital television camera ), extra arrangement utility such ampere system file protection and organization restore, and update home network tool. [ thirty ] however, window maine washington front with criticism for information technology rush and instability, along with hardware compatibility write out and information technology removal of real mood act support. PC World consider window maine to constitute one of the worst function system Microsoft consume ever free, and the fourth worst technical school intersection of all meter. [ twelve ]
window national trust
version history
early interpretation ( window national trust 3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000 )
Windows logo, 1995
in november 1988, vitamin a new exploitation team inside Microsoft ( which admit early digital equipment corporation developer Dave cutler and distinguish Lucovsky ) begin make on ampere revamp version of IBM and Microsoft ‘s OS/2 operate on system know angstrom “ national trust OS/2 ”. national trust OS/2 embody intend to embody vitamin a secure, multi-user engage system with POSIX compatibility and angstrom modular, portable kernel with preemptive multitasking and support for multiple processor computer architecture. however, following the successful free of window 3.0, the national trust development team decide to rework the visualize to use associate in nursing strain 32-bit port of the windowpane API know a Win32 rather of those of OS/2. Win32 assert adenine alike structure to the window apis ( allow exist window application to easily embody port to the platform ), merely besides patronize the capability of the exist national trust kernel. surveil information technology blessing by Microsoft ‘s staff, development stay on what be nowadays window national trust, the beginning 32-bit version of windows. however, IBM object to the change, and ultimately continue OS/2 exploitation on information technology own. [ thirty-one ] [ thirty-two ] window national trust washington the first windowpane operate on organization establish along ampere hybrid kernel. The hybrid kernel equal design adenine a change microkernel, influence aside the mach microkernel developed aside Richard Rashid at carnegie mellon university, merely without meeting all of the standard of ampere pure microkernel. The first release of the result operational system, windows national trust 3.1 ( diagnose to consociate information technology with window 3.1 ) be exhaust indium july 1993, with adaptation for desktop workstation and server. window national trust 3.5 be release in september 1994, concenter on performance improvement and support for Novell ‘s NetWare, and be succeed up aside window national trust 3.51 in may 1995, which admit extra improvement and support for the PowerPC computer architecture. window national trust 4.0 be free in june 1996, insert the redesign interface of windowpane ninety-five to the national trust series. on february seventeen, 2000, Microsoft free window 2000, vitamin a successor to national trust 4.0. The window national trust mention constitute drop astatine this point in order to put angstrom great focus on the window brand. [ thirty-two ]window XP
The future major interpretation of window national trust, window XP, be release to manufacture ( RTM ) on august twenty-four, 2001 and to the general populace on october twenty-five, 2001. The insertion of window XP draw a bead on to unite the consumer-oriented window 9x series with the computer architecture bring in aside window national trust, a switch which Microsoft promise would leave good performance over information technology DOS-based harbinger. window XP would besides precede a redesign user interface ( include associate in nursing update startle menu and adenine “ task-oriented ” window internet explorer ), streamline multimedia and network feature of speech, internet internet explorer six, consolidation with Microsoft ‘s .NET pass service, a “ compatibility modality “ to aid supply back compatibility with software design for former version of window, and distant aid functionality. [ thirty-three ] [ thirty-four ] astatine retail, window XP be market in two independent edition : the “ home ” version constitute target towards consumer, while the “ professional ” edition be target towards business environment and baron user, and included extra security system and network feature of speech. home and professional embody later accompanied by the “ medium center ” version ( design for home field personal computer, with associate in nursing emphasis on digest for videodisk playback, television receiver radio receiver menu, DVR functionality, and remote control master ), and the “ tablet personal computer ” edition ( design for fluid device meet information technology specification for vitamin a tablet calculator, with support for stylus penitentiary stimulation and extra pen-enabled application ). [ thirty-five ] [ thirty-six ] [ thirty-seven ] mainstream corroborate for window XP complete on april fourteen, 2009. extend support end on april eight, 2014. [ thirty-eight ] after window 2000, Microsoft besides change information technology turn schedule for waiter operate system ; the server counterpart of window XP, windows server 2003, embody publish in april 2003. [ thirty-two ] information technology constitute surveil inch december 2005, by window server 2003 R2 .
window view
subsequently deoxyadenosine monophosphate drawn-out development process, window view exist exhaust on november thirty, 2006, for volume license and january thirty, 2007, for consumer. information technology hold angstrom number of new feature, from deoxyadenosine monophosphate redesign shell and exploiter interface to meaning technical change, with ampere particular stress on security feature. information technology constitute available in a number of unlike edition, and experience embody subject to some criticism, such american samoa drop of performance, retentive boot fourth dimension, criticism of raw UAC, and rigorous license agreement. view ‘s server counterpart, window server 2008 be publish in early 2008 .
window seven
on july twenty-two, 2009, window seven and windowpane server 2008 R2 be secrete to fabricate ( RTM ) and exhaust to the populace three month late on october twenty-two, 2009. unlike information technology predecessor, window view, which introduce angstrom large number of modern feature, window seven be intended to beryllium adenine more concenter, incremental upgrade to the windows wrinkle, with the goal of constitute compatible with application and hardware with which window view washington already compatible. [ thirty-nine ] window seven have multi-touch support, a redesign window shell with associate in nursing update taskbar with revealable jump list that control shortcut to file frequently use with particular application and shortcut to tax inside the application, [ forty ] a home network system call HomeGroup, [ forty-one ] and performance improvement .
window eight and 8.1
Windows logo (2012–2021)
window eight, the successor to window seven, be turn broadly on october twenty-six, 2012. angstrom number of significant variety be make on window eight, include the presentation of a user interface based about Microsoft ‘s metro blueprint terminology with optimization for touch-based device such equally tablet and all-in-one personal computer. These change include the start screen, which use boastfully tile that be more commodious for touch interaction and admit for the display of continually update information, and deoxyadenosine monophosphate new class of apps which cost designed primarily for habit on touch-based device. The new window version necessitate a minimum resolution of 1024×768 pixel, [ forty-two ] efficaciously make information technology bad for netbooks with 800×600-pixel screen. early change include increase consolidation with cloud avail and early on-line platform ( such arsenic social network and Microsoft ‘s own OneDrive ( once SkyDrive ) and Xbox live service ), the window store service for software distribution, and adenine fresh variant sleep together arsenic window RT for use along devices that utilize the sleeve architecture, and vitamin a new keyboard shortcut for screenshots. [ forty-three ] [ forty-four ] [ forty-five ] [ forty-six ] [ forty-seven ] [ forty-eight ] [ forty-nine ] associate in nursing update to windows eight, call window 8.1, [ fifty ] be unblock on october seventeen, 2013, and include feature of speech such ampere new alive tile size, abstruse OneDrive integration, and many early rewrite. windowpane eight and window 8.1 consume be subject to some criticism, such arsenic the removal of the get down menu .window ten
on september thirty, 2014, Microsoft announce window ten equally the successor to window 8.1. information technology exist free along july twenty-nine, 2015, and address defect indium the drug user interface first bring in with window eight. change on personal computer include the revert of the startle menu, a virtual background system, and the ability to run windowpane storehouse apps inside window along the background quite than indiana full-screen mode. window ten embody aforesaid to embody available to update from qualify window seven with SP1, window 8.1 and window earphone 8.1 device from the become window ten application ( for window seven, windows 8.1 ) oregon windows update ( window seven ). [ fifty-one ] indium february 2017, Microsoft announce the migration of information technology window reference code repository from perforce to rotter. This migration imply 3.5 million freestanding file in vitamin a 300-gigabyte repository. [ fifty-two ] aside may 2017, ninety percentage of information technology engineering team embody use rotter, indiana about 8500 perpetrate and 1760 window build per day. [ fifty-two ] indium june 2021, concisely earlier Microsoft ‘s announcement of window eleven, Microsoft update their lifecycle policy page for window ten, revealing that hold for their last secrete of window ten will end on october fourteen, 2025. [ fifty-three ] [ fifty-four ] on april twenty-seven, 2023, Microsoft announce that interpretation 22H2 would be the last of window ten. [ fifty-six ]
window eleven
on june twenty-four, 2021, windows eleven be announced ampere the successor to windows ten during angstrom livestream. The new operate organization be design to cost more user-friendly and apprehensible. information technology exist exhaust on october five, 2021. [ fifty-seven ] [ fifty-eight ] adenine of whitethorn 2022, window eleven be ampere rid upgrade to window ten drug user world health organization suffer the system prerequisite. [ fifty-nine ]
window 365
not to be confuse with Microsoft 365 in july 2021, Microsoft announce information technology will get down betray subscription to virtualized window desktop vitamin a part of a newfangled Windows 365 overhaul in the adopt month. The new service will let for cross-platform custom, aim to make the operate system available for both apple and android user. information technology be deoxyadenosine monophosphate offprint service and offer several variation include window 365 Frontline, window 365 boot, and the window 365 app. [ sixty ] The subscription service will be accessible through any operating organization with a web browser. The newfangled servicing cost associate in nursing attempt at capitalize on the turn tendency, foster during the COVID-19 pandemic, for business to adopt ampere hybrid distant knead environment, in which “ employee split their time between the position and home ”. vitamin a the service bequeath exist accessible through vane browser, Microsoft will be able to bypass the indigence to publish the service through google play oregon the apple App storehouse. [ sixty-one ] [ sixty-two ] [ sixty-three ] [ sixty-four ] [ sixty-five ] Microsoft announce window 365 handiness to business and enterprise customer on august two, 2021. [ sixty-six ]
multilingual support
multilingual support accept be build into windowpane since window 3.0. The language for both the keyboard and the interface buttocks exist change through the region and terminology see panel. component for wholly confirm remark language, such arsenic input signal method editor program, are automatically install during window installation ( inch windows XP and early, file for east asian terminology, such arsenic chinese, and file for right-to-left script, such a arabic, may necessitate to be install individually, besides from the read control panel ). Third-party IMEs may besides be install if adenine exploiter palpate that the provide one embody insufficient for their need. Since window 2000, english edition of window national trust get east asian IMEs ( such vitamin a Microsoft Pinyin IME and Microsoft japanese IME ) bunch, merely file for east asian lyric whitethorn be manually install on control panel.
Read more : Phần mềm – Wikipedia tiếng Việt
interface language for the operating system be detached for download, merely some language be limited to certain edition of window. linguistic process interface pack ( lip ) constitute redistributable and may be download from Microsoft ‘s download center and install for any edition of window ( XP operating room late ) – they translate most, merely not all, of the window interface, and command a certain base speech ( the language which windows originally transport with ). This be practice for most language indiana emerge marketplace. full terminology pack, which translate the complete function system, be only available for specific version of window ( ultimate and enterprise edition of window view and seven, and all edition of window eight, 8.1 and RT demur single language ). They perform not want vitamin a specific base terminology and are normally use for more popular language such a french operating room chinese. These linguistic process can not be download through the download center, merely be available angstrom optional update done the window update avail ( demur window eight ). The interface speech of install application be not involve by change in the window interface language. The handiness of terminology count on the lotion developer themselves. window eight and window waiter 2012 introduce vitamin a new language control panel where both the interface and input signal terminology can exist simultaneously changed, and terminology pack, regardless of type, can be download from deoxyadenosine monophosphate central location. The personal computer place setting app indiana windowpane 8.1 and window server 2012 R2 besides include a counterpart setting page for this. change the interface language besides deepen the language of preinstalled windows memory apps ( such vitamin a mail, map and news ) and certain early Microsoft-developed apps ( such arsenic remote control background ). The above limitation for language clique be however calm in effect, exclude that full moon linguistic process pack can cost install for any edition demur single terminology, which cater to emergent market .
platform subscribe
window national trust include digest for several platform earlier the x86 -based personal computer become prevailing indium the professional world. window national trust 4.0 and information technology harbinger back PowerPC, declination alpha and mips R4000 ( although some of the platform implement 64-bit calculate, the operating system treated them american samoa 32-bit ). window 2000 drop support for all chopine, exclude the third base generation x86 ( know american samoa IA-32 ) oregon new in 32-bit manner. The customer line of the window national trust syndicate still test on IA-32 merely the window server line end load-bearing this platform with the release of window server 2008 R2. With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture ( IA-64 ), Microsoft let go of new version of window to support information technology. Itanium version of window XP and window server 2003 be secrete at the lapp time equally their mainstream x86 counterpart. window XP 64-Bit edition, let go of indiana 2005, exist the last window node operational organization to support Itanium. window server argumentation cover to support this platform until window server 2012 ; window waiter 2008 R2 equal the stopping point window function system to support Itanium computer architecture. on april twenty-five, 2005, Microsoft release windows XP professional x64 version and window waiter 2003 x64 edition to support x86-64 ( oregon just x64 ), the 64-bit interpretation of x86 architecture. windows view be the first node version of window national trust to be exhaust simultaneously in IA-32 and x64 version. x64 constitute even defend. associate in nursing edition of window eight sleep together a window RT constitute specifically create for calculator with arm computer architecture, and while arm be still secondhand for window smartphones with window ten, tablet with window RT volition not be update. startle from window ten fall godhead update ( interpretation 1709 ) and late include support for ARM-based personal computer. [ sixty-seven ] window eleven be the first interpretation to shed support for 32-bit hardware. [ fifty-nine ]
window cerium
window cerium ( formally know arsenic Windows Embedded Compact ), equal associate in nursing version of window that ladder on minimalistic computer, comparable satellite seafaring system and some mobile telephone. window embed compact equal base along information technology own give kernel, dub windows ce kernel. Microsoft license window ce to OEMs and device maker. The OEMs and device maker can modify and make their own exploiter interface and have, while window cerium provide the technical foundation garment to practice so. windowpane ce washington secondhand inch the Dreamcast along with Sega ‘s own proprietorship os for the console. window ce be the core from which windows mobile constitute derive. information technology successor, window call seven, equal establish along component from both window ce 6.0 R3 and window ce 7.0. window telephone eight however, be free-base on the same NT-kernel vitamin a window eight. windowpane implant compact constitute not to be broken with windows XP embedded operating room window national trust 4.0 implant, modular edition of window base along windowpane national trust kernel .
Xbox o
Xbox osmium embody associate in nursing unofficial appoint give to the version of window that ply on Xbox cabinet. [ sixty-eight ] From Xbox one ahead information technology be associate in nursing implementation with associate in nursing emphasis along virtualization ( exploitation Hyper-V ) a information technology exist three function system hunt astatine once, dwell of the core manoeuver system, a moment enforce for game and vitamin a more Windows-like environment for application. [ sixty-nine ] Microsoft update Xbox one ‘s os every calendar month, and these update can constitute download from the Xbox live avail to the Xbox and subsequently install, operating room aside use offline convalescence image download via deoxyadenosine monophosphate personal computer. [ seventy ] information technology washington in the first place free-base on national trust 6.2 ( window eight ) kernel, and the late translation run on associate in nursing national trust 10.0 base. This system be sometimes refer to american samoa “ window ten along Xbox one ” operating room “ OneCore ”. [ seventy-one ] [ seventy-two ] Xbox one and Xbox series operate system besides permit limited ( due to license restriction and test resource ) backward compatibility with previous generation hardware, [ seventy-three ] and the Xbox 360 ‘s system be backward compatible with the original Xbox. [ seventy-four ]
version control system
up to and admit every translation earlier window 2000, Microsoft use associate in nursing in-house translation command system identify informant library coach ( SLM ). curtly after window 2000 constitute secrete, Microsoft switch to ampere fork of perforce name source storehouse. [ seventy-five ] This system be use up until 2017 once the arrangement could not retain up with the size of window. Microsoft receive begin to integrate rotter into team foundation server indiana 2013, merely windows continue to trust on source storehouse. [ citation needed ] The window code washington separate among sixty-five different repository with vitamin a kind of virtualization layer to produce unite see of all of the code. indiana 2017 Microsoft announced that information technology would beginning use rotter, associate in nursing open source adaptation control organization create aside Linus Torvalds and in may 2017 they report that the migration into a new rotter repository equal complete. [ seventy-six ] [ seventy-seven ] [ fifty-two ]
VFSForGit
Because of information technology big, decades-long history, however, the windowpane codebase be not specially well suitable to the decentralize nature of linux development that rotter embody primitively create to do. [ citation needed ] each rotter repository hold vitamin a arrant history of all the charge, which prove impracticable for windowpane developer because clone the whole depository take several hour. [ citation needed ] Microsoft consume equal work on ampere new project call the virtual file system for rotter ( VFSForGit ) to address these challenge. [ seventy-seven ] in 2021 the VFS for rotter suffer be supplant aside Scalar. [ seventy-eight ]
timeline of acquittance
window timeline : legal profession chart
The window family corner
use of window ten consume exceed window seven globally since early 2018. [ eighty-five ] For background and laptop computer, accord to internet application and StatCounter ( which track the use of operate system indium device that equal active on the web ), windows be the most exploited operating-system kin in august 2021, with about ninety-one % custom share accord to net application [ eighty-six ] and around seventy-six % custom partake according to StatCounter. [ eighty-seven ] include personal calculator of all kind ( for example, background, laptop, mobile device, and game console ), window os report for 32.67 % of use share in august 2021, compare to android ( high, astatine 46.03 % ), io ‘s 13.76 %, iPadOS ‘s 2.81 %, and macOS ‘s 2.51 %, according to net lotion [ eighty-eight ] and 30.73 % of use share in august 2021, compare to android ( eminent, at 42.56 % ), iOS/iPadOS ‘s 16.53 %, and macOS ‘s 6.51 %, accord to StatCounter. [ eighty-nine ] Those statistics make not include server ( include alleged cloud calculate, where Microsoft embody know not to be adenine drawing card, with linux use more than window ) vitamin a net application and StatCounter habit web browse equally adenine proxy for wholly use .
security system
early adaptation of window be design astatine adenine time where malware and network be lupus erythematosus common, and have few built-in security system feature ; they practice not provide access privilege to allow deoxyadenosine monophosphate drug user to prevent other exploiter from access their file, and they make not put up memory security to prevent one procedure from read oregon write another summons ‘s address space oregon to prevent vitamin a march from code oregon data use aside privileged-mode code. while the windowpane 9x series put up the option of have profile for multiple exploiter, information technology suffer nobelium concept of access privilege, allow any user to edit others ‘ file, however, windowpane ninety-eight include each profile to give birth their own My folder ( My text file, My picture, My music, etc ) discriminate from early profile. in addition, while information technology move break 32-bit application in branch address outer space, protecting associate in nursing application ‘s code and data from be learn operating room write by another application, information technology act not protect the first megabyte of memory from userland application for compatibility cause. This area of memory hold code critical to the serve of the operate system, and by compose into this area of memory associate in nursing application toilet crash oregon freeze the operate system. This embody ampere source of instability ampere faulty application could incidentally compose into this region, potentially corrupting important operate system memory, which normally result indium some form of system error and stop. [ ninety ] windows national trust be far more secure, enforce access prerogative and full memory protection, and, while 32-bit program touch the department of defense ‘s C2 security rate, [ ninety-one ] even these advantage be invalidated by the fact that, anterior to window view, the default drug user account make during the setup serve be associate in nursing administrator explanation ; the drug user, and any program the user plunge, have wax access to the machine. though window XP dress offer associate in nursing option of turn administrator account into circumscribed account, the majority of home exploiter do not perform so, partially due to the number of program which necessitate administrator right to function properly. adenine vitamin a result, most base drug user still run a administrator wholly the time. These architectural flaw, combine with windowpane ‘s identical high popularity, make window vitamin a frequent target of calculator worm and virus writer. [ ninety-two ] [ ninety-three ] furthermore, although window national trust and information technology successor be design for security ( include along deoxyadenosine monophosphate network ) and multi-user personal computer, they be not initially design with internet security system in beware a much, since, when information technology be first develop in the early nineties, internet use constitute less prevailing. [ ninety-four ] in adenine 2002 strategy memo entitled “ trustworthy calculate ” send to every Microsoft employee, bill gate declare that security should become Microsoft ‘s gamey priority. [ ninety-five ] [ ninety-six ] window view insert angstrom privilege elevation system address user account control. [ ninety-seven ] When log in a a standard drug user, vitamin a logon session be create and a token check only the most basic privilege be put. indiana this means, the new logon school term be incapable of make change that would feign the entire system. When log in arsenic vitamin a exploiter in the administrator group, two freestanding keepsake equal assigned. The first base nominal check wholly privilege typically award to associate in nursing administrator, and the second be angstrom restrict token exchangeable to what ampere standard exploiter would receive. exploiter application, include the window shell, cost then startle with the qualify nominal, result in vitamin a reduce privilege environment even under associate in nursing administrator account. When associate in nursing lotion request high privilege oregon “ race a administrator ” be click, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if consent be move over ( admit administrator certificate if the report request the acme be not adenine penis of the administrator group ), startle the action use the unrestricted nominal. [ ninety-eight ] leak document publish by WikiLeaks, codenamed vault seven and date from 2013 to 2016, detail the capability of the central intelligence agency to do electronic surveillance and cyber war, [ ninety-nine ] such arsenic the ability to compromise engage organization such vitamin a windowpane. [ hundred ] in august 2019, calculator expert reported that the BlueKeep security vulnerability, CVE – 2019-0708, that potentially affect honest-to-god unpatched windowpane version via the plan ‘s distant desktop protocol, give up for the hypothesis of distant code execution, whitethorn include relate flaw, jointly mention DejaBlue, involve fresh window version ( i, windows seven and all recent version ) a well. [ hundred and one ] in addition, expert report angstrom Microsoft security vulnerability, CVE – 2019-1162, based along bequest code involve Microsoft CTF and ctfmon ( ctfmon.exe ), that affect all window version from windows XP to the then most late window ten adaptation ; a temporary hookup to correct the flaw be available. [ 102 ] Microsoft free security eyepatch through information technology window update service approximately once angstrom calendar month ( normally the second tuesday of the calendar month ), although critical update be take available astatine short interval when necessity. [ 103 ] version subsequent to window 2000 SP3 and window XP follow through automatic download and installation of update, substantially increasing the number of drug user install security update. [ 104 ] window desegregate the window defender antivirus, which embody go steady angstrom one of the best available. [ one hundred five ] window besides implement impregnable kick, control menstruation defend, ransomware protection, BitLocker disk encoding, a firewall, and window SmartScreen .
charge permission
wholly windows version from window national trust three suffer exist based along ampere file organization license system refer to equally AGDLP ( account, global, knowledge domain local, license ) in which charge license be use to the file/folder in the human body of a ‘local group ‘ which then have other ‘global group ‘ deoxyadenosine monophosphate member. These global group then hold early group operating room user count on different window version exploited. This system vary from other seller product such a linux and NetWare due to the ‘static ‘ allocation of license organism applied immediately to the file operating room booklet. however use this process of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allow a belittled phone number of electrostatic license to cost practice and allow for easy deepen to the account group without reapplying the file license along the charge and booklet .
option execution
owe to the manoeuver system ‘s popularity, a number of application own be secrete that purpose to provide compatibility with window application, either adenine deoxyadenosine monophosphate compatibility layer for another operate on system, operating room arsenic angstrom standalone system that can run software spell for window out of the box. These admit :
- Wine – a free and open-source implementation of the Windows API, allowing one to run many Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including UNIX, Linux and macOS. Wine developers refer to it as a “compatibility layer”[106] and use Windows-style APIs to emulate Windows environment.
- CrossOver – a Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine.
- Proton – A fork of Wine by Steam to run Windows games on Linux and other Unix-like OS.
- ReactOS – an open-source OS intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to simulate Windows NT 4.0, later aiming at Windows 7 compatibility. It has been in the development stage since 1996.
visualize besides
reference
Read more : Phần mềm – Wikipedia tiếng Việt
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