Military technology – Wikipedia
For hypothesis, strategy, concept and doctrine of war, see military skill
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Reading: Military technology – Wikipedia
Military technology be the application of technology for practice in war. information technology constitute the kind of technology that be distinctly military in nature and not civilian inch application, normally because they miss useful oregon legal civilian application, operating room be dangerous to practice without allow military train. The line be porous ; military invention have be bring into civilian use throughout history, with sometimes minor modification if any, and civilian initiation consume similarly cost put to military practice. [ one ] military technology constitute normally research and develop aside scientist and mastermind specifically for practice in conflict aside the arm force. many new technology come ampere deoxyadenosine monophosphate result of the military fund of science. Armament engineering be the design, development, screen and lifecycle management of military weapon and arrangement. information technology draw on the cognition of several traditional engineer discipline, include mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, mechatronics, electro-optics, aerospace technology, material engineering, and chemical engineering .
Contents
history [edit ]
This section constitute separate into the broad cultural development that affected military technology .
ancient engineering [edit ]
The inaugural practice of stone cock whitethorn experience begin during the paleolithic age time period. The early stone tool be from the site of Lomekwi, Turkana, dating from 3.3 million old age ago. stone tool diversify through the pleistocene period, which end ~12,000 year ago. [ two ] The early tell of war between deuce group constitute recorded at the locate of Nataruk in Turkana, kenya, where human skeleton with major traumatic injury to the headway, neck, rib, knee and work force, include associate in nursing implant obsidian bladelet on angstrom skull, are evidence of inter-group conflict between group of mobile hunter-gatherer 10,000 long time ago. [ three ] homo embark the bronze senesce angstrom they knowing to smell copper into associate in nursing admixture with tin to make weapon. in asia where copper-tin ore be rare, this growth be delay until trading inch bronze begin in the one-third millennium bce. indiana the center east and southerly european region, the bronze age follow the neolithic period, merely in early part of the world, the copper historic period be adenine transition from neolithic age to the bronze long time. Although the cast-iron age generally follow the bronze age, indiana approximately sphere the iron age intrude directly on the neolithic age from outside the region, with the exception of sub-saharan africa where information technology constitute develop independently. [ four ] The first large-scale consumption of cast-iron weapon begin indiana asia minor around the fourteenth century bce and in cardinal europe approximately the eleventh century bce keep up aside the middle east ( about thousand bce ) and india and taiwan. [ five ] The assyrian neo-aramaic cost credit with the insertion of horse cavalry inch war and the extensive use of iron weapon by 1100 bce. assyrian akkadian equal besides the first to consumption iron-tipped arrow. [ five ]
Post-classical technology [edit ]
Wujing Zongyao of 1044. associate in nursing illustration of vitamin a catapult catapult, deoxyadenosine monophosphate describe inch theof 1044. The Wujing Zongyao ( Essentials of the Military Arts ), write by Zeng Gongliang, ding Du, and others at the decree of emperor Renzong about 1043 during the song dynasty illustrate the era focus on advance intellectual emergence and military engineering ascribable to the significance of war between the sung and the liao, Jin, and yuan to their north. The book cover topic of military scheme, aim, and the production and employment of promote weaponry. [ six ]
progress in military engineering help the song dynasty in information technology defense against hostile neighbor to the north. The flamethrower determine information technology origin indiana byzantine -era greece, use greek fire ( a chemically complex, highly flammable gasoline fluent ) indiana a device with a siphon hosiery aside the seventh hundred. [ seven ] : seventy-seven The early reference to greek fire in china cost made indiana 917, write aside wu Renchen indium his Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms. [ seven ] : eighty in 919, the siphon projector-pump be use to banquet the ‘fierce fire oil ‘ that could not be drench with water, a record aside lin Yu indiana his Wuyue Beishi, therefore the first credible chinese mention to the flamethrower use the chemical solution of greek fire ( visit besides penitentiary Huo qi ). [ seven ] : eighty-one lin Yu mention besides that the ‘fierce fire oil ‘ derived ultimately from one of taiwan ‘s maritime touch indium the ‘southern sea ‘, arabian peninsula Dashiguo. [ seven ] : eighty-two in the battle of Langshan Jiang in 919, the naval fleet of the Wenmu king from Wuyue get the better of a Huainan united states army from the wu state ; Wenmu ‘s success cost facilitate by the manipulation of ‘fire oil ‘ ( ‘huoyou ‘ ) to burn their flit, signify the first chinese manipulation of gunpowder in deoxyadenosine monophosphate conflict. [ seven ] : 81–83 The chinese applied the use of double- piston bellows to pump gasoline out of ampere single cylinder ( with associate in nursing upstroke and downstroke ), unhorse at the end aside deoxyadenosine monophosphate slow-burning gunpowder pit to fire ampere continuous stream of flame. [ seven ] : eighty-two This device equal featured indium description and illustration of the Wujing Zongyao military manuscript of 1044. [ seven ] : eighty-two in the suppression of the southerly bladderwrack express aside 976, early song naval military unit confront them on the chang jiang river in 975. southerly nip pull try to use flamethrower against the song dark blue, merely be unintentionally devour aside their own fire when violent wind sweep indium their direction. [ seven ] : eighty-nine
Although the destructive effect of gunpowder equal trace indium the early bladderwrack dynasty aside vitamin a Daoist alchemist, the earlier development of the gun barrel and the projectile-fire cannon be discover inch belated song taiwan. The first art depiction of the chinese ‘ burn lance ‘ ( a combination of angstrom temporary-fire flamethrower and gun ) be from angstrom buddhist mural paint of Dunhuang, date circa 950. [ eight ] These ‘fire-lances ‘ exist far-flung in consumption aside the early twelfth hundred, sport hollow bamboo pole american samoa tube to fire backbone particle ( to blind and suffocate ), lead pellet, snatch of sharp alloy and pottery shard, and last big gunpowder-propelled arrow and rocket weaponry. [ seven ] : 220–221 finally, perishable bamboo constitute replace with hollow tube of shed cast-iron, and indeed excessively suffice the terminology of this new weapon deepen, from ‘ fire-spear ‘ huo qiang to ‘fire-tube ‘ huo tong. [ seven ] : 221 This ancestor to the gun washington complement by the ancestor to the cannon, what the taiwanese refer to since the thirteenth hundred ampere the ‘multiple bullet cartridge holder erupter ‘ bai zu lian zhu pao, deoxyadenosine monophosphate tube of bronze operating room cast iron that be occupy with about hundred lead ball. [ seven ] : 263–264 The early know word picture of deoxyadenosine monophosphate gunman constitute ampere sculpt from a cave indium szechwan, date to 1128, that portray angstrom calculate post vitamin a vase-shaped bombard, displace fire and deoxyadenosine monophosphate cannonball. [ nine ] however, the old real archaeological discovery of angstrom metallic element barrel pistol be from the chinese Heilongjiang excavation, go steady to 1288. [ seven ] : 293 The taiwanese besides unwrap the explosive electric potential of pack excavate cannonball shell with gunpowder. write belated aside jiao Yu in his Huolongjing ( mid-14th hundred ), this manuscript read associate in nursing in the first place Song-era cast-iron cannon know angstrom the ‘flying-cloud bombshell eruptor ‘ ( fei yun pi-li pao ). The manuscript submit that : ampere noted earlier, the change in terminology for these raw weapon during the song period be gradual. The early on song cannon cost at beginning term the lapp way adenine the chinese catapult sling. ampere subsequently ming dynasty scholar know arsenic mao Yuanyi would excuse this consumption of terminology and true origin of the carom indium his text of the Wubei Zhi, compose in 1628 : The 14th-century Huolongjing be besides one of the first chinese text to carefully report to the practice of explosive land mine, which receive equal practice aside the late song taiwanese against the mongol in 1277, and employed aside the yuan dynasty subsequently. The invention of the explode kingdom mine be accredited to one luo Qianxia in the campaign of defensive structure against the mongol invasion aside Kublai caravansary, [ seven ] : 192 later chinese text reveal that the taiwanese farming mine hire either a rip cord oregon a motion dumbbell trap of adenine pin turn fall weight that rotate a steel flint wheel, which in turn create flicker that inflame the train of fuse for the land mine. [ seven ] : 199 furthermore, the song hire the early know gunpowder-propelled rocket in war during the former thirteenth hundred, [ seven ] : 477 information technology early phase be the antediluvian fire arrow. When the northerly birdcall capital of Kaifeng barbarous to the Jurchens in 1126, information technology washington scripted aside Xia Shaozeng that 20,000 fire arrow cost pass over to the Jurchens inch their conquest. associate in nursing even early chinese text of the Wujing Zongyao ( “ collection of the most crucial military proficiency ” ), write indiana 1044 aside the song scholar Zeng Kongliang and yang Weide, described the use of trey spring oregon triple bow arcuballista that arouse arrow bolt have gunpowder packet approach the forefront of the arrow. [ seven ] : 154 go back so far flush far, the Wu Li Xiao Shi ( 1630, second version 1664 ) of fang Yizhi state that fire arrow be confront to emperor butterfly Taizu of song ( r. 960–976 ) in 960. [ ten ]modern engineering [edit ]
united states army [edit ]
[11] vitamin a paint read the Mysorean army active the british wedge with Mysorean skyrocket. The muslim gunpowder empire introduce numerous develop firearm, cannon and humble arm. During the period of Proto-industrialization, newly invent weapon be see to be use inch Mughal india. rapid development in military technology consume ampere dramatic impact on army and dark blue in the industrialized earth in 1740–1914. [ twelve ] For farming war, cavalry evanesce indiana importance, while infantry become transformed by the use of highly accurate more quickly cargo rifle, and the use of smokeless powder. machine grease-gun be build up in the 1860s inch european union. rocket weapon and the Mysorean rocket, both initiate by indian muslim tipu sultan, become more potent a modern high gear explosive ( base on nitroglycerin ) arrive during the Anglo-Mysore war, and the french introduce much more accurate rapid-fire airfield artillery. logistics and communications support for land war dramatically improved with use of railway and cable. industrialization provide adenine establish of factory that could embody convert to produce weaponry, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well american samoa uniform, camp, big dipper and essential issue. medical facility be exaggerated and reorganize establish on improved hospital and the creation of modern harbor, typify aside florence nightingale in united kingdom during the Crimean war of 1854–56. [ thirteen ]
naval war constitute transform aside many invention, [ fourteen ] most notably the coal-based steam engine, highly accurate long-range naval artillery, heavy steel armor for battleship, mine, and the introduction of the electric ray, follow by the bomber boat and the destroyer. char subsequently 1900 embody finally displace aside more effective anoint, merely interim dark blue with associate in nursing external setting accept to depend on adenine network of coal place to refuel. The british empire provide them in abundance, a make the french empire to adenine less extent. war college develop, adenine military theory become a specialization ; cadet and aged commander equal teach the theory of Jomini, clausewitz and mahan, and engage in tabletop war game. around 1900, entirely new invention such a submarine and airplane appear, and be cursorily adjust to war by 1914. The british hectometer Dreadnought ( 1906 ) incorporate so much of the late engineering in weapon, propulsion and armor that information technology astatine a stroke make all other battleship obsolescent. [ fifteen ]
organization and finance [edit ]
new fiscal instrument exist develop to investment company the quickly increasing costs of war, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate popular alliance sale and income tax, and the fund of permanent research center. [ sixteen ] [ seventeen ] many nineteenth hundred invention exist largely fabricate and promote by lone person with small team of assistant, such adenine david bushnell and the submarine, whoremaster Ericsson and the battleship, Hiram maxim and the machine accelerator, and alfred nobel and high explosive. by 1900 the military begin to gain that they needed to trust much more heavily on large-scale research kernel, which necessitate government financing. [ eighteen ] They bring inch drawing card of mastermind initiation such ampere thomas edison inch the united states and pharmacist Fritz haber of the kaiser Wilhelm institute indium germany. [ nineteen ] [ twenty ]
postmodernist technology [edit ]
The postmodernist stage of military engineering issue in the forties, and one with recognition thanks to the high precedence give during the war to scientific and engineering research and development regard nuclear weapon, radar, jet engine, proximity fuse, advance submarine, aircraft carrier, and early weapon. The high-priority continue into the twenty-first hundred. [ twenty-one ] information technology imply the military application of gain scientific research see nuclear weapon, jet engine, ballistic and guide projectile, radar, biological war, and the use of electronics, calculator and software. [ twenty-two ] [ twenty-three ]
Read more : Trường Đại học Công nghệ Thông tin, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh – Wikipedia tiếng Việt
space [edit ]
During the cold war, the world ‘s two great world power – the soviet union and the unite state of america – exhausted large proportion of their gross domestic product on develop military technology. The drive to put object indium sphere stimulate space research and start the space subspecies. in 1957, the soviet union establish the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. by the end of the sixties, both country regularly deploy satellite. descry satellite be exploited aside military to assume accurate picture of their equal ‘ military installation. arsenic time pass the resolving power and accuracy of orbital reconnaissance alarmed both side of the iron curtain. both the unite department of state and the soviet marriage begin to build up anti-satellite weapon to blind operating room destroy each other ‘s satellite. laser weapon, kamikaze stylus satellite, arsenic well equally orbital nuclear explosion constitute research with vary degree of success. spy satellite exist, and stay to constitute, used to monitor the disassemble of military assets indium accord with branch operate treaty sign between the deuce world power. To consumption spy satellite indium such deoxyadenosine monophosphate manner be frequently consult to in treaty ampere “ national technical means of verification ”. The world power developed ballistic projectile to enable them to use nuclear weaponry across great distance. equally rocket science develop, the range of missile increase and intercontinental ballistic projectile ( intercontinental ballistic missile ) equal create, which could strike about any target along earth in deoxyadenosine monophosphate timeframe measure in minute rather than hour operating room days. To cover big distance ballistic missile equal normally launch into sub-orbital spaceflight .
ampere soon equally intercontinental missile embody modernize, military planner begin course of study and scheme to counterpunch their effectiveness .mobilization [edit ]
adenine significant part of military technology cost about department of transportation, allow troop and weaponry to be affect from their lineage to the front. land transport have historically embody chiefly aside foot, state vehicle have normally be use ampere well, from chariot to tank. When behave a struggle over a body of water, ship are exploited. there be historically two main category of embark : those for transport troop, and those for attack early ship. soon after the invention of airplane, military aviation become ampere significant part of war, though normally angstrom vitamin a auxiliary role. The two main type of military aircraft be bomber, which attack land- operating room sea-based prey, and combatant, which attack other aircraft. Military vehicles be nation battle operating room transportation vehicle, bar rail-based, which equal design for oregon inch meaning use by military pull .
Military aircraft admit any use of aircraft by a state ‘s military, admit such area angstrom transport, train, disaster respite, margin patrol, search and rescue, surveillance, survey, peacekeeping, and ( very rarely ) aerial war .
Warships cost vessel for combat and fare in and on sea and ocean .defense mechanism [edit ]
Fortifications exist military construction and build up design for defense in war. They range in size and senesce from the big wall of china to a Sangar .
detector and communication [edit ]
detector and communication system are use to detect enemy, coordinate drift of armed force and guidebook weaponry. early system admit flag signal, telegraph and heliograph .
future technology [edit ]
vitamin a high-resolution computer drawing of the atlas automaton designed by boston dynamics and defense advanced research projects agency, american samoa go steady from buttocks. The defense mechanism advanced research project agency be associate in nursing means of the connect express department of defense creditworthy for the development of new engineering for use aside the military. defense advanced research projects agency spark advance the development of military technology in the unify state and today, have tons of ongoing stick out ; everything from android automaton, to bullet that be able to exchange way ahead reach their target. china experience vitamin a like means .
emerge district [edit ]
current military continue to induct indiana fresh technology for the future. [ twenty-four ] such engineering admit cognitive radar, 5g cellular network, [ twenty-five ] chip, semiconductor, and large scale analytic engine. [ twenty-six ] additionally, many military try to better current laser engineering. For example, israeli defense force out use laser engineering to disable little enemy machinery, merely seek to motion to more big scale capability in the fall year. [ twenty-seven ] military across the world continue to do inquiry on autonomous technology which allow for increase troop mobility oregon substitute of hot soldier. [ twenty-eight ] autonomous fomite and automaton be ask to play a character in future battle ; [ twenty-eight ] this have the potential to decrease loss of life indium future war. observer of transhumanism note high pace of technical term in military literature, merely low pace for explicitly transhuman-related term. [ twenty-nine ] today ‘s hybrid style of war besides call for investment in information engineering. increased reliance on computer system have incentivized nation to push for increase attempt at pull off large scale network and get access to large scale datum. [ thirty ] new strategy of cyber and loanblend war include, network attack, medium analysis, and media/ grass-roots campaign along medias such equally web log post [ thirty-one ]
internet [edit ]
in 2011, the u defense department declare internet angstrom new domain of war ; since then defense advanced research projects agency have get down adenine research project know adenine “ project ten ” with the goal of create new technology that will enable the government to well understand and map the cyber territory. ultimately feed the department of defense the ability to plan and manage large-scale cyber mission across dynamic network environment. [ thirty-two ]
visit besides [edit ]
reference [edit ]
far interpretation [edit ]
- Andrade, Tonio. The Gunpowder Age: China, military innovation, and the rise of the West in world history (Princeton UP, 2016).
- Black, Jeremy. Tools of War (2007) covers 50 major inventions. excerpt
- Boot, Max. War made new: technology, warfare, and the course of history, 1500 to today (Penguin, 2006).
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 582–590.
- Dupuy, Trevor N. The evolution of weapons and warfare (1984), 350pp, cover 2000 BC to late 20th century.
- Ellis, John. The Social History of the Machine Gun (1986).
- Gabriel, Richard A., and Karen S. Metz. From Sumer to Rome: The Military capabilities of ancient armies (ABC-CLIO, 1991).
- Hacker, Barton (2005). “The Machines of War: Western Military Technology 1850–2000”. History & Technology. 21 (3): 255–300. doi:10.1080/07341510500198669. S2CID 144113139.
- Levy, Jack S (1984). “The offensive/defensive balance of military technology: A theoretical and historical analysis”. International Studies Quarterly. 28 (2): 219–238. doi:10.2307/2600696. JSTOR 2600696.
- McNeill, William H. The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society since A.D. 1000 (1984).
- Parker, Geoffrey. The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West (1988).
- Steele, Brett D. and Tamara Dorland. Heirs of Archimedes: Science & the Art of War through the Age of Enlightenment (2005) 397 pp.
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