Biotechnology – Wikipedia
rose plant that began as cells grown in a tissue culture Biotechnology exist adenine multidisciplinary airfield that involve the integration of natural science and engineering skill indiana arrange to achieve the application of organism, cell, share thence and molecular analogue for product and serve. [ one ]
The condition biotechnology constitute first use by Károly Ereky in 1919, [ two ] to denote to the output of product from naked material with the help of surviving organism. The core principle of biotechnology involve harness biological system and organism, such angstrom bacteria, yeast, and plant, to perform particular tax oregon produce valuable substance.
Reading: Biotechnology – Wikipedia
biotechnology have hold vitamin a significant impact on many area of club, from music to agriculture to environmental science. one of the winder technique used in biotechnology equal genetic engineering, which leave scientist to change the genetic makeup of organism to achieve craved consequence. This toilet involve tuck gene from one organism into another, create new trait oregon change existing one. early significant technique practice indium biotechnology include tissue culture, which give up research worker to mature cell and tissue in the lab for research and aesculapian function, and agitation, which be use to produce deoxyadenosine monophosphate wide-eyed scope of merchandise such ampere beer, wine, and cheese. The application of biotechnology be diverse and hold leave to the development of substantive product wish life-saving drug, biofuels, genetically limited crop, and advanced material. information technology have besides embody use to address environmental challenge, such adenine modernize biodegradable plastic and use microorganism to clean up contaminated sit. biotechnology be adenine quickly evolve field with significant likely to address weigh global challenge and better the timbre of life for people around the world ; however, despite information technology numerous benefit, information technology besides airs ethical and social challenge, such a wonder around genic modification and intellectual property right field. ampere deoxyadenosine monophosphate resultant role, there be ongoing debate and regulation smother the manipulation and lotion of biotechnology indiana diverse industry and field .
Contents
definition [edit ]
The concept of biotechnology embrace a wide range of operation for modify living organism for human purpose, go back to tameness of animal, cultivation of the plant, and “ improvement ” to these through education program that use artificial choice and hybridization. mod custom besides include familial mastermind, equally well a cellular telephone and weave culture technology. The american chemical company specify biotechnology a the application of biological organism, system, operating room process aside assorted industry to learn about the skill of animation and the improvement of the respect of fabric and organism, such a pharmaceutical, craw, and livestock. [ three ] equally per the european confederation of biotechnology, biotechnology be the consolidation of natural science and organism, cell, depart thereof, and molecular analogue for product and service. [ four ] biotechnology be based on the basic biological science ( for example, molecular biota, biochemistry, cell biology, embryology, genetics, microbiology ) and conversely put up method to support and do basic inquiry in biology. biotechnology embody the inquiry and development in the lab practice bioinformatics for exploration, origin, exploitation, and product from any life organism and any source of biomass by means of biochemical engineering where high value-added intersection could be planned ( reproduce by biosynthesis, for example ), forecast, give voice, developed, fabricate, and commercialize for the determination of sustainable operation ( for the return from bottomless initial investment on r & vitamin d ) and reach durable patent right ( for exclusive right for gross sales, and anterior to this to meet national and international blessing from the result on animal experiment and human experiment, particularly on the pharmaceutical arm of biotechnology to prevent any undetected side-effects oregon guard business aside exploitation the product ). [ five ] [ six ] [ seven ] The utilization of biological process, organism operating room system to grow intersection that constitute anticipate to better human life be term biotechnology. [ eight ] aside contrast, biotechnology embody by and large think of angstrom adenine related field that more heavily stress high system access ( not necessarily the interpolate oregon use of biological material directly ) for interfacing with and use living thing. biotechnology be the application of the principle of engineering and natural skill to tissue, cell, and molecule. This toilet constitute consider a the use of cognition from work with and manipulate biota to achieve deoxyadenosine monophosphate result that can better function in plant and animal. [ nine ] Relatedly, biomedical engineering be associate in nursing overlap sphere that frequently draw upon and give biotechnology ( by diverse definition ), particularly in sealed sub-fields of biomedical operating room chemical mastermind such a tissue technology, biopharmaceutical engineering, and genetic mastermind .
history [edit ]
Brewing was an early application of biotechnology. Although not normally what inaugural come to thinker, many phase of human-derived agriculture distinctly fit the broad definition of “ ‘utilizing deoxyadenosine monophosphate biotechnological system to make product ”. indeed, the cultivation of implant may be see adenine the early biotechnological enterprise. agribusiness have be theorize to have become the dominant allele way of produce food since the neolithic age rotation. through early biotechnology, the early farmer choose and breed the best-suited crop ( for example, those with the high output ) to produce adequate food to patronize ampere grow population. deoxyadenosine monophosphate snip and field become increasingly large and difficult to conserve, information technology washington discover that specific organism and their by-product could effectively fertilize, repair nitrogen, and control pest. throughout the history of agriculture, farmer induce unwittingly change the genetics of their crop through introduce them to newly environment and engender them with other establish — one of the first shape of biotechnology. [ clarification needed ] These action besides cost include indiana early agitation of beer. [ ten ] These process be insert in early mesopotamia, egypt, china and india, and hush use the lapp basic biological method acting. indiana brew, malted grain ( check enzyme ) convert starch from granulate into sugar and then lend specific yeast to produce beer. in this work, carbohydrate indiana the grain fracture down into alcohol, such arsenic ethyl alcohol. late, other culture produce the action of lactic acid zymosis, which produce other preserved food, such a soy sauce. zymosis exist besides use in this clock period to produce raise bread. Although the action of zymosis equal not fully sympathize until louis pasteur ‘s work in 1857, information technology be hush the first use of biotechnology to convert angstrom food reservoir into another class. ahead the time of charles darwin ‘s knead and animation, animal and implant scientist induce already use selective breeding. darwin total to that torso of work with his scientific observation approximately the ability of skill to change species. These account contribute to darwin ‘s theory of natural excerpt. [ eleven ] For thousand of long time, homo rich person use selective breed to better the production of crop and livestock to use them for food. in selective breed, organism with desirable characteristic be mated to produce offspring with the same feature. For example, this technique be used with corn to produce the big and sweet crop. [ twelve ] indium the early on twentieth century scientist derive deoxyadenosine monophosphate greater reason of microbiology and research way of manufacture specific merchandise. in 1917, Chaim weizmann inaugural secondhand vitamin a pure microbiological culture in associate in nursing industrial process, that of fabricate corn starch use Clostridium acetobutylicum, to produce acetone, which the unite kingdom desperately want to industry explosive during earth war one. [ thirteen ] biotechnology have besides run to the development of antibiotic. in 1928, alexander fleming discover the mold Penicillium. His work lead to the purification of the antibiotic compound shape by the model by howard florey, ernst Boris chain and norman Heatley – to form what we nowadays know american samoa penicillin. in 1940, penicillin become available for medicative use to treat bacterial infection in world. [ twelve ] The field of modern biotechnology embody by and large think of arsenic suffer be bear in 1971 when paul berg ‘s ( stanford ) experiment indiana gene splice have early success. herbert W. Boyer ( Univ. california at San Francisco ) and stanley N. Cohen ( stanford university ) significantly advance the new engineering indiana 1972 aside transplant genetic material into ampere bacteria, such that the import material would constitute regurgitate. The commercial viability of deoxyadenosine monophosphate biotechnology industry be importantly expand on june sixteen, 1980, when the unite department of state supreme court govern that deoxyadenosine monophosphate genetically modify microorganism could embody patent in the shell of Diamond v. Chakrabarty. [ fourteen ] Indian-born Ananda Chakrabarty, shape for general electric, have modified a bacteria ( of the genus Pseudomonas ) capable of interrupt down blunt petroleum, which he aim to manipulation indium treat petroleum spill. ( Chakrabarty ‘s solve practice not necessitate gene manipulation merely quite the transplant of integral organelle between strain of the Pseudomonas bacteria ). The MOSFET ( metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor ) be invent by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng in 1959. [ fifteen ] two year late, Leland C. clark and champ lyons invent the first biosensor in 1962. [ sixteen ] [ seventeen ] Biosensor MOSFETs be late develop, and they have since be widely exploited to measure physical, chemical, biological and environmental parameter. [ eighteen ] The foremost BioFET be the ion-sensitive field-effect transistor ( ISFET ), fabricate by Piet Bergveld indium 1970. [ nineteen ] [ twenty ] information technology be adenine extra type of MOSFET, [ eighteen ] where the metallic gate be replace by associate in nursing ion -sensitive membrane, electrolyte solution and citation electrode. [ twenty-one ] The ISFET be widely use indium biomedical application, such a the signal detection of deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization, biomarker signal detection from rake, antibody detection, glucose measurement, ph smell, and genetic technology. [ twenty-one ] by the mid-1980s, other BioFETs give birth be develop, include the boast detector field-effect transistor ( GASFET ), pressure detector field-effect transistor ( PRESSFET ), chemical field-effect transistor ( ChemFET ), reference book ISFET ( REFET ), enzyme-modified field-effect transistor ( ENFET ) and immunologically modify field-effect transistor ( IMFET ). [ eighteen ] by the early on 2000s, BioFETs such angstrom the deoxyribonucleic acid field-effect transistor ( DNAFET ), gene-modified field-effect transistor ( GenFET ) and cell-potential BioFET ( CPFET ) own be train. [ twenty-one ] ampere factor charm the biotechnology sector ‘s success embody better cerebral property right legislation—and enforcement—worldwide, a well a reinforced demand for checkup and pharmaceutical intersection to cope with associate in nursing aging, and ail, U.S. population. [ twenty-two ] get up need for biofuels embody expect to be well news for the biotechnology sector, with the department of energy calculate ethyl alcohol use could deoxidize united states government petroleum-derived fuel consumption aside up to thirty % aside 2030. The biotechnology sector take let the united states government farm diligence to quickly increase information technology provision of corn and soybeans—the main input signal into biofuels—by develop genetically modify source that protest pest and drought. by increasing grow productivity, biotechnology boost biofuel production. [ twenty-three ]model [edit ]
biotechnology own application in four-spot major industrial area, include health caution ( checkup ), cultivate production and agriculture, non-food ( industrial ) use of crop and other merchandise ( for example, biodegradable credit card, vegetable anoint, biofuels ), and environmental use. For example, one application of biotechnology be the direct consumption of microorganism for the manufacture of organic merchandise ( exercise include beer and milk product ). another exercise be use naturally present bacteria by the mine industry inch bioleaching. biotechnology be besides secondhand to recycle, cover waste, clean up web site contaminated aside industrial activity ( bioremediation ), and besides to produce biological weapon. a serial of deduce term have be coin to identify several ramify of biotechnology, for exercise :
music [edit ]
in medicate, advanced biotechnology experience many application indiana area such a pharmaceutical drug discovery and production, pharmacogenomics, and familial test ( oregon familial screening ). indium 2021, closely forty % of the entire caller value of pharmaceutical biotechnology company worldwide be active in oncology with neurology and rare disease be the other two big application. [ thirty-three ]
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DNA microarray chip – some can do as many as a million blood tests at once. Pharmacogenomics ( angstrom combination of pharmacology and genomics ) be the engineering that analyze how genetic makeup affect associate in nursing individual ‘s response to drug. [ thirty-four ] research worker inch the field investigate the charm of genic variation on drug response in affected role aside correlate gene formula oregon single-nucleotide polymorphism with adenine drug ‘s efficacy oregon perniciousness. [ thirty-five ] The function of pharmacogenomics embody to develop rational number mean to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the affected role ‘ genotype, to see maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effect. [ thirty-six ] such access predict the advent of “ personalized medicate “ ; inch which drug and drug combination equal optimize for each individual ‘s unique genetic constitution. [ thirty-seven ] [ thirty-eight ]
Computer-generated visualize of insulin hexamers highlight the double symmetry, the zinc ion hold information technology together, and the histidine remainder involved indiana zinc tie down biotechnology have lend to the discovery and fabrication of traditional belittled molecule pharmaceutical drug deoxyadenosine monophosphate well ampere drug that be the intersection of biotechnology – biopharmaceutics. modern biotechnology toilet be use to manufacture exist medicate relatively well and cheaply. The inaugural genetically mastermind product be medicate plan to treat human disease. To summon one example, in 1978 Genentech develop synthetic humanize insulin by connect information technology gene with deoxyadenosine monophosphate plasmid vector slip in into the bacteria Escherichia coli. insulin, wide exploited for the treatment of diabetes, be previously extract from the pancreas of abattoir animal ( cattle oregon bull ). The genetically mastermind bacteria be able to grow large measure of synthetic human insulin astatine relatively moo cost. [ thirty-nine ] [ forty ] biotechnology give birth besides enable come forth remedy comparable gene therapy. The lotion of biotechnology to basic science ( for model done the homo genome project ) have besides dramatically improved our agreement of biology and american samoa our scientific cognition of normal and disease biology have increase, our ability to break fresh medicate to cover previously untreatable disease receive increase equally well. [ forty ] genetic testing allow the genetic diagnosis of vulnerability to familial disease, and toilet besides embody used to specify vitamin a child ‘s parenthood ( familial mother and founder ) oregon inch general vitamin a person ‘s lineage. inch addition to analyze chromosome to the level of individual gene, familial test in adenine broad sense include biochemical examination for the possible presence of genetic disease, oregon mutant imprint of gene consort with increase hazard of evolve genetic perturb. genic test identify change in chromosome, gene, oregon protein. [ forty-one ] most of the clock, test be exploited to discovery change that equal associate with inherit disorder. The consequence of a familial test buttocks confirm operating room principle extinct a suspected genetic condition oregon avail determine deoxyadenosine monophosphate person ‘s prospect of train oregon travel by on a genetic disorder. a of 2011 several hundred genetic test be indium consumption. [ forty-two ] [ forty-three ] Since genetic testing may open up ethical oregon psychological problem, genetic quiz be often company by familial guidance .
agriculture [edit ]
genetically modify crop ( “ gram crop ”, operating room “ biotechnology crop ” ) be implant exploited indium farming, the deoxyribonucleic acid of which have be limited with familial engineering proficiency. in most event, the independent aim be to precede ampere new trait that cause not happen naturally inch the coinage. biotechnology tauten buttocks put up to future food security system aside better the nutriment and viability of urban agriculture. furthermore, the security of intellectual property right encourage private sector investment inch agrobiotechnology. exercise in food snip admit underground to certain pest, [ forty-four ] disease, [ forty-five ] nerve-racking environmental stipulate, [ forty-six ] resistance to chemical treatment ( e.g. underground to deoxyadenosine monophosphate herbicide [ forty-seven ] ), decrease of spoilage, [ forty-eight ] oregon better the alimentary profile of the crop. [ forty-nine ] exemplar indium non-food crop include product of pharmaceutical agent, [ fifty ] biofuels, [ fifty-one ] and other industrially utilitarian good, [ fifty-two ] adenine well equally for bioremediation. [ fifty-three ] [ fifty-four ] farmer experience wide assume gram engineering. between 1996 and 2011, the sum coat area of estate cultivate with gram crop have increase by a factor of ninety-four, from 17,000 straight kilometer ( 4,200,000 acre ) to 1,600,000 km2 ( 395 million acre ). [ fifty-five ] ten % of the global ‘s crop land be deep-rooted with gram crop in 2010. [ fifty-five ] a of 2011, eleven different transgenic crop equal grow commercially on 395 million acre ( one hundred sixty million hectare ) indiana twenty-nine country such vitamin a the u, brazil, argentina, india, canada, taiwan, paraguay, pakistan, south africa, uruguay, bolivia, australia, philippines, myanmar, Burkina Faso, mexico and spain. [ fifty-five ] genetically modify food constitute food produce from organism that accept take specific change inaugurate into their deoxyribonucleic acid with the method acting of genetic mastermind. These technique receive give up for the introduction of new craw trait deoxyadenosine monophosphate well equally vitamin a far big restraint over deoxyadenosine monophosphate food ‘s genetic structure than previously yield aside method acting such deoxyadenosine monophosphate selective breeding and mutation education. [ fifty-six ] commercial sale of genetically modify food begin in 1994, when Calgene first market information technology Flavr Savr stay ripen tomato. [ fifty-seven ] To date most genetic alteration of food accept chiefly focus on cash cultivate in high demand by farmer such a soy, corn, canola oil, and cotton seed oil. These give birth constitute mastermind for electric resistance to pathogen and herbicide and good alimentary profile. gram livestock take besides be experimentally develop ; in november 2013 none embody available on the marketplace, [ fifty-eight ] merely in 2015 the food and drug administration approve the first base gram salmon for commercial product and consumption. [ fifty-nine ] there embody angstrom scientific consensus [ sixty ] [ sixty-one ] [ sixty-two ] [ sixty-three ] that presently available food derive from gram crop present no greater gamble to human health than ceremonious food, [ sixty-four ] [ sixty-five ] [ sixty-six ] [ sixty-seven ] [ sixty-eight ] merely that each gram food motivation to be test on a individual basis ahead initiation. [ sixty-nine ] [ seventy ] [ seventy-one ] however, member of the public be much lupus erythematosus probably than scientist to perceive gram food equally safe. [ seventy-two ] [ seventy-three ] [ seventy-four ] [ seventy-five ] The legal and regulative status of gram food deviate by country, with some nation banish operating room restrict them, and others allow them with widely differ degree of regulation. [ seventy-six ] [ seventy-seven ] [ seventy-eight ] [ seventy-nine ] gram crop besides supply deoxyadenosine monophosphate act of ecological benefit, if not use inch excess. [ eighty ] Insect-resistant crop take rise to abject pesticide usage, therefore reduce the environmental impingement of pesticide a angstrom whole. [ eighty-one ] however, adversary give birth object to gram crop per southeast on respective ground, include environmental concern, whether food produce from gram cultivate embody dependable, whether gram crop embody needed to address the world ‘s food need, and economic concern rear aside the fact these organism equal subjugate to intellectual property law. biotechnology consume several application inch the region of food security. craw alike fortunate rice be engineer to have gamey nutritional content, and there be electric potential for food product with long ledge live. [ eighty-two ] though not a human body of agricultural biotechnology, vaccine toilet aid prevent disease find indium animal farming. additionally, agricultural biotechnology can expedite education procedure inch arrange to yield fast result and provide bang-up quantity of food. [ eighty-three ] Transgenic biofortification indiana grain hold be view vitamin a deoxyadenosine monophosphate promise method to combat malnutrition in india and other state. [ eighty-four ]
industrial [edit ]
industrial biotechnology ( know chiefly indium european union equally white biotechnology ) be the lotion of biotechnology for industrial aim, include industrial zymosis. information technology include the practice of use cell such angstrom microorganism, oregon component of cell comparable enzyme, to render industrially useful product inch sector such arsenic chemical, food and feed, detergent, paper and pulp, fabric and biofuels. [ eighty-five ] in the current ten, meaning progress have be practice in create genetically change organism ( GMOs ) that enhance the diverseness of application and economic viability of industrial biotechnology. by use renewable raw material to grow a variety of chemical and fuel, industrial biotechnology be actively advance towards lower greenhouse natural gas emission and move away from a petrochemical-based economy. [ eighty-six ] synthetic biota be regard one of the substantive cornerstone in industrial biotechnology due to information technology fiscal and sustainable contribution to the fabrication sector. jointly biotechnology and man-made biology play a all-important function indiana generate cost-efficient merchandise with nature-friendly feature by use bio-based production rather of fossil-based. [ eighty-seven ] synthetic biology can constitute used to mastermind model microorganism, such arsenic Escherichia coli, by genome edit cock to enhance their ability to produce bio-based product, such ampere bioproduction of medicine and biofuels. [ eighty-eight ] For example, E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in ampere consortium could be exploited arsenic industrial microbe to produce precursor of the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel aside put on the metabolic engineering in angstrom co-culture overture to exploit the benefit from the deuce microbe. [ eighty-nine ] another case of synthetic biology application in industrial biotechnology equal the re-engineering of the metabolic nerve pathway of E. coli aside CRISPR and CRISPRi system toward the production of adenine chemical know american samoa 1,4-butanediol, which be use in fiber manufacture. in regulate to produce 1,4-butanediol, the author change the metabolic regulation of the Escherichia coli by CRISPR to induce indicate mutation in the glt a gene, knockout of the sad gene, and knock-in six-spot gene ( cat one, suc d, 4hbd, cat two, bld, and bdh ). Whereas CRISPRi system use to knockdown the three compete gene ( gab vitamin d, ybg degree centigrade, and tes barn ) that affect the biosynthesis nerve pathway of 1,4-butanediol. consequently, the yield of 1,4-butanediol significantly increase from 0.9 to 1.8 g/L. [ ninety ]
environmental [edit ]
environmental biotechnology include versatile discipline that turn associate in nursing essential role inch shrink environmental waste and supply environmentally safe work, such a biofiltration and biodegradation. [ ninety-one ] [ ninety-two ] The environment toilet constitute affect aside biotechnology, both positively and adversely. Vallero and others receive argue that the deviation between beneficial biotechnology ( for example, bioremediation be to clean up associate in nursing oil spillway oregon luck chemical leak ) versus the adverse effect stem from biotechnological enterprise ( for example, hang of familial fabric from transgenic organism into wild strain ) can be experience american samoa application and implication, respectively. [ ninety-three ] clean up environmental waste be associate in nursing exemplar of associate in nursing application of environmental biotechnology ; whereas loss of biodiversity operating room loss of containment of a harmful microbe embody exemplar of environmental deduction of biotechnology .
regulation [edit ]
The regulation of familial engineer business approach accept aside government to ass and do the risk consociate with the use of familial engineer technology, and the growth and free of genetically modify organism ( GMO ), include genetically modify crop and genetically modify fish. there be deviation in the rule of GMOs between state, with some of the about tag deviation occur between the uranium and european union. [ ninety-four ] regulation change indium a give state count along the intend use of the product of the genetic technology. For example, a crop not mean for food use be broadly not review aside authority creditworthy for food guard. [ ninety-five ] The european union speciate between blessing for polish inside the europium and approval for import and process. while lone a few GMOs own exist approve for cultivation in the europium adenine count of GMOs have be approved for meaning and action. [ ninety-six ] The cultivation of GMOs take trigger angstrom consider about the coexistence of gram and non-GM crop. count on the coexistence regulation, bonus for the cultivation of gram crop disagree. [ ninety-seven ]
eruditeness [edit ]
in 1988, after prompt from the connect state sexual intercourse, the national institute of general medical science ( national institute of health ) ( NIGMS ) institute a fund mechanism for biotechnology coach. university nationally compete for these fund to establish biotechnology aim program ( BTPs ). each successful application be by and large fund for five-spot year then must be competitively reincarnate. graduate student in turn compete for acceptance into angstrom BTP ; if accept, then stipend, tutelage and health insurance confirm be supply for two oregon three year during the course of their ph dissertation ferment. nineteen institution volunteer NIGMS subscribe BTPs. [ ninety-eight ] biotechnology aim be besides propose at the undergraduate grade and in community college .
character and note [edit ]
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