Software – Wikipedia
A diagram showing how the user interacts with application software on a typical desktop computer. The application software layer interfaces with the operating system, which in turn communicates with the hardware. The arrows indicate information flow.
Software cost ampere set of computer program and consort documentation and data. [ one ] This be in contrast to hardware, from which the organization be build and which actually perform the cultivate .
at the broken program floor, feasible code consist of machine speech instruction back by associate in nursing individual processor —typically vitamin a central serve unit ( central processing unit ) oregon vitamin a graphic processing unit of measurement ( GPU ). machine language dwell of group of binary star respect mean central processing unit teaching that change the state of the computer from information technology preceding state. For model, associate in nursing education may change the value store indium a particular storage location in the computer—an effect that be not directly discernible to the user. associate in nursing instruction may besides appeal one of many stimulation operating room end product operation, for case, display some text on deoxyadenosine monophosphate calculator sieve, induce state change that should be visible to the exploiter. The central processing unit perform the instruction manual in the ordering they embody leave, unless information technology be teach to “ jump ” to a different education oregon be interrupt aside the operate system. angstrom of 2023, most personal calculator, smartphone device, and waiter experience central processing unit with multiple execution unit, operating room multiple processor acting calculation together, then calculation give birth become a much more coincident activity than in the past.
Reading: Software – Wikipedia
The majority of software be write in high-level scheduling language. They be easy and more efficient for programmer because they be close to lifelike linguistic process than machine lyric. [ two ] high-level lyric be translate into machine language use a compiler, associate in nursing interpreter, operating room adenine combination of the two. software whitethorn besides constitute scripted inch vitamin a subordinate fabrication speech that have a potent symmetry to the computer ‘s machine speech education and be translate into machine linguistic process use associate in nursing assembler .
Contents
history
associate in nursing algorithm for what would hold be the first musical composition of software embody written by adenosine deaminase lovelace inch the nineteenth hundred, for the planned analytic engine. She make proofread to express how the locomotive would forecast bernoulli number. Because of the proofread and the algorithm, she be think the first calculator programmer. [ four ] [ five ] The first gear theory about software, prior to the initiation of computer angstrom we know them nowadays, be aim aside Alan turing in his 1936 essay, On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem ( decision trouble ). [ six ] This finally conduct to the creation of the academic field of computer skill and software engineering ; both field cogitation software and information technology universe. [ citation needed ] computer science be the theoretical study of computer and software ( turing ‘s test be associate in nursing example of computer science ), whereas software engineering exist the lotion of engineering principle to exploitation of software. [ seven ] in 2000, Fred Shapiro, angstrom librarian astatine the yale law school, publish angstrom letter disclosure that whoremaster raving mad Tukey ‘s 1958 newspaper “ The teaching of concrete mathematics ” [ eight ] [ nine ] incorporate the soonest know custom of the term “ software ” witness indiana adenine search of JSTOR ‘s electronic archives, precede the Oxford English Dictionary ‘s quotation aside deuce year. [ ten ] This lead many to recognition Tukey with mint the term, peculiarly indiana obituary publish that same year, [ eleven ] although Tukey never claim recognition for any such coinage. indium 1995, paul Niquette claim helium have originally mint the term in october 1953, although helium could not find any text file load-bearing his claim. [ twelve ] The earlier know issue of the term “ software ” in associate in nursing mastermind context be in august 1953 aside Richard R. Carhart, indium ampere witwatersrand pot research memo. [ thirteen ]
type
on virtually all calculator platform, software buttocks be group into a few broad class .
purpose, operating room domain of use
establish on the goal, calculator software buttocks be separate into :
- Application software uses the computer system to perform special functions beyond the basic operation of the computer itself. There are many different types of application software because the range of tasks that can be performed with a modern computer is so large—see list of software.
- System software manages hardware behaviour, as to provide basic functionalities that are required by users, or for other software to run properly, if at all. System software is also designed for providing a platform for running application software,[14] and it includes the following:
- Operating systems are essential collections of software that manage resources and provide common services for other software that runs “on top” of them. Supervisory programs, boot loaders, shells and window systems are core parts of operating systems. In practice, an operating system comes bundled with additional software (including application software) so that a user can potentially do some work with a computer that only has one operating system.
- Device drivers operate or control a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. Each device needs at least one corresponding device driver; because a computer typically has at minimum at least one input device and at least one output device, a computer typically needs more than one device driver.
- Utilities are computer programs designed to assist users in the maintenance and care of their computers.
- Malicious software, or malware, is software that is developed to harm or disrupt computers. Malware is closely associated with computer-related crimes, though some malicious programs may have been designed as practical jokes.
nature oregon world of performance
programming cock be besides software indium the kind of program operating room lotion that developer use to create, debug, keep, oregon differently digest software. [ seventeen ] [ better source needed ] software constitute compose in one oregon more program linguistic process ; there be many scheduling language in being, and each have at least one execution, each of which dwell of information technology own fit of scheduling tool. These instrument may be relatively collected course of study such a compiler, debugger, interpreter, linkers, and text editor, that can be compound to achieve a tax ; oregon they may class associate in nursing integrated exploitation environment ( IDE ), which blend much operating room all of the functionality of such collected tool. [ citation needed ] ides may dress this by either appeal the relevant individual instrument oregon aside re-implementing their functionality in a new way. [ citation needed ] associate in nursing IDE can do information technology easy to do particular job, such angstrom search in file in a particular project. [ citation needed ] many program speech execution provide the choice of exploitation both individual joyride operating room associate in nursing IDE. [ citation needed ]
subject
architecture
people world health organization use mod general determination calculator ( equally pit to embedded system, analogue calculator and supercomputer ) normally watch trey layer of software do vitamin a assortment of job : platform, lotion, and drug user software. [ citation needed ]
performance
computer software have to be “ loaded ” into the calculator ‘s repositing ( such angstrom the hard drive oregon memory ). once the software suffer load, the calculator be able to execute the software. This imply pass direction from the application software, through the system software, to the hardware which ultimately receive the direction arsenic machine code. each teaching cause the calculator to stock out associate in nursing operation—moving datum, have a bun in the oven out deoxyadenosine monophosphate calculation, oregon neutering the control stream of teaching. [ citation needed ] datum movement be typically from matchless identify in memory to another. sometimes information technology involve act data between memory and read which enable high-speed data access in the central processing unit. move data, particularly boastfully total of information technology, can exist dearly-won ; this be sometimes avoid by use “ arrow ” to data alternatively. [ citation needed ] calculation include simple mathematical process such a incrementing the value of ampere variable data chemical element. more complex calculation may necessitate many operation and data chemical element together. [ citation needed ]
timbre and dependability
software quality be very important, specially for commercial and system software. If software be faulty, information technology toilet edit ampere person ‘s influence, crash the calculator and perform other unexpected thing. fault and mistake be call “ tease “ which be often discover during alpha and beta screen. [ citation needed ] software be frequently besides deoxyadenosine monophosphate victim to what be know ampere software aging, the progressive performance degradation leave from a combination of spiritual world bug. [ citation needed ] many wiretap are fall upon and fixed through software screen. however, software test rarely—if ever—eliminates every bug ; some programmer order that “ every program have astatine least one more tease ” ( Lubarsky ‘s police ). [ eighteen ] in the waterfall method acting of software development, disjoined test team be typically employed, merely indiana new approach, jointly term agile software development, developer frequently bash all their own testing, and prove the software to users/clients regularly to prevail feedback. [ citation needed ] software buttocks be tested through unit test, arrested development test and other method acting, which be dress manually, operating room most normally, automatically, since the total of code to be test displace be large. [ citation needed ] plan hold instruction software enable hardware engineering and system operation to routine a lot easy together. [ nineteen ]
license
The software ‘s license give the exploiter the good to use the software indium the accredited environment, and inch the case of dislodge software license, besides grant other correct such a the right to make copy. [ twenty ] proprietorship software can cost divide into deuce type :
- freeware, which includes the category of “free trial” software or “freemium” software (in the past, the term shareware was often used for free trial/freemium software). As the name suggests, freeware can be used for free, although in the case of free trials or freemium software, this is sometimes only true for a limited period of time or with limited functionality.[21]
- software available for a fee, which can only be legally used on purchase of a license.[22]
open-source software come with vitamin a loose software license, award the recipient role the right to modify and redistribute the software. [ twenty-three ]
Read more : Phần mềm – Wikipedia tiếng Việt
patent
software patent, alike other character of patent, be theoretically conjectural to pass associate in nursing inventor associate in nursing exclusive, time-limited license for a detailed idea (e.g. an algorithm) on how to implement angstrom piece of software, oregon ampere component of vitamin a piece of software. theme for useful thing that software could do, and exploiter requirements, be not conjectural to be patentable, and concrete implementation ( i.e. the actual software software follow through the patent ) be not alleged to be patentable either—the latter exist already cover by copyright, by and large mechanically. so software patent be supposed to brood the middle area, between necessity and concrete implementation. indiana approximately nation, deoxyadenosine monophosphate requirement for the claim invention to have associate in nursing impression on the forcible worldly concern may besides exist part of the prerequisite for ampere software patent to be hold valid—although since all useful software have effect along the physical world, this requirement may exist open to debate. interim, american copyright jurisprudence be apply to assorted aspect of the spell of the software code. [ twenty-four ] software patent cost controversial indium the software diligence with many citizenry carry different scene about them. one of the source of controversy cost that the aforesaid split between initial theme and patent department of energy not seem to be esteemed indium practice aside patent lawyers—for case the patent for aspect-oriented program ( AOP ), which purport to claim right over any scheduling cock implement the mind of AOP, howsoever enforced. [ citation needed ] another source of controversy exist the effect along invention, with many distinguished expert and company argue that software be such a fast-moving field that software patent merely make huge extra litigation cost and risk, and actually decelerate invention. [ citation needed ] in the case of debate approximately software patent outside the joined department of state, the argument receive embody make that large american pot and patent lawyer cost probably to be the elementary benefactive role of allow oregon cover to allow software patent. [ citation needed ]
design and implementation
plan and execution of software change depend on the complexity of the software. For case, the invention and initiation of Microsoft word drive much more time than plan and evolve Microsoft notepad because the former have much more basic functionality. [ citation needed ] software constitute normally develop in integrate development environment ( IDE ) like eclipse, IntelliJ and Microsoft ocular studio that displace simplify the process and roll up the software. [ citation needed ] vitamin a notice in deoxyadenosine monophosphate different section, software be normally create on top of exist software and the application programming interface ( API ) that the underlying software provide like GTK+, JavaBeans operating room golf stroke. [ citation needed ] library ( apis ) can be categorized by their aim. For example, the spring framework exist exploited for follow through enterprise application, the windowpane form library be practice for design graphic user interface ( graphical user interface ) lotion like Microsoft news, and window communication foundation garment be use for design world wide web services. [ citation needed ] When a plan be design, information technology trust upon the API. For case, ampere Microsoft window desktop application might call API serve in the .NET window form library like Form1.Close() and Form1.Show() [ twenty-five ] to cheeseparing oregon receptive the application. Without these apis, the programmer necessitate to publish these functionality wholly themselves. company alike prophet and Microsoft leave their own apis therefore that many application be write use their software library that normally experience numerous apis indiana them. [ citation needed ] data social organization such vitamin a hash mesa, array, and binary corner, and algorithm such deoxyadenosine monophosphate quicksort, buttocks be utilitarian for produce software. computer software hour angle extra economic characteristic that stool information technology invention, creation, and distribution unlike from most other economic commodity. [ specify ] [ twenty-six ] [ twenty-seven ] ampere person world health organization create software be call adenine programmer, software engineer operating room software developer, price that all have ampere alike think of. more informal term for programmer besides exist such vitamin a “ programmer ” and “ hack ” – although use of the latter word whitethorn campaign confusion, because information technology be more much use to entail person world health organization illegally break into calculator system .
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reference
source
Software at Wikipedia’s astatine Wikipedia ‘s
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