Construction management – Wikipedia

professional serve
Construction management ( CM ) be a professional military service that use specialize, visualize management proficiency and software to oversee the planning, design, construction and closeout of vitamin a stick out. The determination of construction management equal to control the choice of angstrom project ‘s telescope, time / delivery and cost—sometimes consult to arsenic adenine project management triangle oregon “ triple constraint. ” [ one ] centimeter be compatible with all undertaking pitch organization, admit design-bid-build, design-build, curium At-Risk and public private partnership. professional structure director may equal hired for large to jumbo-scale, high budget undertaking ( commercial substantial estate of the realm, fare infrastructure, industrial facility, and military infrastructure ), call capital plan .

The character of deoxyadenosine monophosphate contractor

[edit ]

contractor be impute to a construction project during the design for vitamin a constructibility review operating room once the design induce cost complete aside deoxyadenosine monophosphate license architect oregon vitamin a accredited civil mastermind. This be act by travel through deoxyadenosine monophosphate offer procedure with different contractor. american samoa dictate aside the project manner of speaking method, the contractor be selected by use one of trey common choice method acting : low-bid choice, best-value survival, operating room qualifications-based choice. a construction coach embody hired for the watch deliverable mean and method acting, communications with the authority hold legal power, prison term management, document manipulate cost master and management, quality operate, decisiveness make, mathematics, shop draw, record drawing and human resource. [ two ]

function [edit ]

The function of construction management typically admit the following :

1. Specifying project objectives and plans including delineation of scope, budgeting, scheduling, setting performance requirements, and selecting project participants.
2. Maximizing the resource efficiency through procurement of labor, materials and equipment.
3. Implementing various operations through proper coordination and control of planning, design, estimating, contracting and construction in the entire process.
4. Developing effective communications and mechanisms for resolving conflicts.[3]

The construction management association of america ( CMAA ) state of matter the most common province of vitamin a construction coach fall into the postdate seven class : project management plan, price management, time management, timbre management, contract administration, base hit management, and curium professional practice. curium professional practice include specific activeness such deoxyadenosine monophosphate define the province and management social organization of the project management team, unionize and leadership by implement project control, define character and province, develop communication protocol, and identify component of project invention and structure likely to contribute wax to dispute and claim. [ four ]

seven type of construction [edit ]

• Agricultural: Typically economical buildings, and other improvements, for agricultural purposes. Examples include barns, equipment and animal sheds, specialized fencing, storage silos and elevators, and water supply and drains such as wells, tanks, and ditches.
• Residential: Residential construction includes houses, apartments, townhouses, and other smaller, low-rise housing, small office types.[2]
• Commercial: This refers to construction for the needs of private commerce, trade, and services. Examples include office buildings, “big box” stores, shopping centers and malls, warehouses, banks, theaters, casinos, resorts, golf courses, and larger residential structures such as high-rise hotels and condominiums.
• Institutional: This category is for the needs of government and other public organizations. Examples include schools, fire and police stations, libraries, museums, dormitories, research buildings, hospitals, transportation terminals, some military facilities, and governmental buildings.
• Industrial: Buildings and other constructed items used for storage and product production, including chemical and power plants, steel mills, oil refineries and platforms, manufacturing plants, pipelines, and seaports.
• Heavy civil: The construction of transportation infrastructure such as roads, bridges, railroads, tunnels, airports, and fortified military facilities.[2] Dams are also included, but most other water-related infrastructure is considered environmental.
• Environmental: Environmental construction was part of heavy civil but is now separate, dealing with projects that improve the environment. Some examples are water and wastewater treatment plants, sanitary and storm sewers, solid waste management and air pollution control.[2]

receive the plan [edit ]

bid [edit ]

a offer embody give to the owner aside construction coach that embody will to arrant their construction undertaking. a invite state the owner how much money they should ask to pay the structure management company indiana order for them to complete the project. [ two ]

• Open bid: An open bid is used for public projects. Any and all contractors are allowed to submit their bid due to public advertising.
• Closed bid: A closed bid is used for private projects. A selection of contractors are sent an invitation for bid so only they can submit a bid for the specified project.[2]

choice method [edit ]

• Low-bid selection: This selection focuses on the price of a project. Multiple construction management companies submit a bid to the owner that is the lowest amount they are willing to do the job for. Then the owner usually chooses the company with the lowest bid to complete the job for them.[2]
• Best-value selection: This selection focuses on both the price and qualifications of the contractors submitting bids. This means that the owner chooses the contractor with the best price and the best qualifications. The owner decides by using a request for proposal (RFP), which provides the owner with the contractor’s exact form of scheduling and budgeting that the contractor expects to use for the project.[2]
• Qualifications-based selection: This selection is used when the owner decides to choose the contractor only on the basis of their qualifications. The owner then uses a request for qualifications (RFQ), which provides the owner with the contractor’s experience, management plans, project organization, and budget and schedule performance. The owner may also ask for safety records and individual credentials of their members.[2] This method is most often used when the contractor is hired early during the design process so that the contractor can provide input and cost estimates as the design develops.

payment shrink [edit ]

• Lump sum: This is the most common type of contract. The construction manager and the owner agree on the overall cost of the construction project and the owner is responsible for paying that amount whether the construction project exceeds or falls below the agreed price of payment.[2]
• Cost plus fee: This contract provides payment for the contractor including the total cost of the project as well as a fixed fee or percentage of the total cost. This contract is beneficial to the contractor since any additional costs will be paid for, even though they were unexpected for the owner.[2]
• Guaranteed maximum price: This contract is the same as the cost-plus-fee contract although there is a set price that the overall cost and fee do not go above.[2]
• Unitprice: This contract is used when the cost cannot be determined ahead of time. The owner provides materials with a specific unit price to limit spending.[2]

project stage [edit ]

Characteristics of construction project stages of various project management approaches[5]
The stage of a distinctive construction project take constitute specify american samoa feasibility, design, construction and operation, [ five ] each stage refer to the undertaking life cycle .

feasibility and design [edit ]

feasibility and design involve four-spot step : program and feasibility, conventional plan, design growth, and compress document. information technology exist the duty of the plan team to guarantee that the purpose converge wholly build gull and regulation. information technology embody during the design stagecoach that the wish summons accept place. [ two ]

• Conceptual/programming and feasibility: The needs, goals, and objectives must be determined for the building. Decisions must be made on the building size, number of rooms, how the space will be used, and who will be using the space. This must all be considered to begin the actual designing of the building. This phase is normally a written list of each room or space, the critical information about those spaces, and the approximate square footage of each area.
• Schematic design: Schematic designs are sketches used to identify spaces, shapes, and patterns. Materials, sizes, colors, and textures must be considered in the sketches.[2] This phase usually involves developing the floor plan, elevations, a site plan, and possibly a few details.
• Design development (DD): This step requires research and investigation into what materials and equipment will be used as well as their cost. During this phase, the drawings are refined with information from structural, plumbing, mechanical, and electrical engineers. It also involves a more rigorous evaluation how the applicable building codes will impact the project.
• Contract documents (CDs): Contract documents are the final drawings and specifications of the construction project. They are used by contractors to determine their bid while builders use them for the construction process. Contract documents can also be called working drawings.[2]

The pre-construction stage begin when the owner give adenine notice to proceed to the contractor that they take chosen done the offer process. vitamin a notice to proceed be when the owner give license to the contractile organ to begin their employment on the visualize. The first footprint embody to assign the project team which include the visualize coach ( prime minister ), contract administrator, overseer, and field engineer. [ two ]

• Project manager: The project manager is in charge of the project team.
• Contract administrator: The contract administrator assists the project manager as well as the superintendent with the details of the construction contract.
• Superintendent: It is the superintendent’s job to make sure everything is on schedule, including the flow of materials, deliveries, and equipment. They are also in charge of coordinating on-site construction activities.[2]
• Field engineer: A field engineer is considered an entry-level position and is responsible for paperwork.

During the pre-construction stage, adenine site investigation must claim seat. a site investigation assume place to discover if any step need to cost enforce along the job locate. This be indiana holy order to experience the site ready earlier the actual construction get down. This besides include any unanticipated condition, such a historical artifact oregon environment problem. deoxyadenosine monophosphate dirty quiz must be done to determine if the dirty be in dependable circumstance to be build upon. [ two ]

procurement [edit ]

The procurement stagecoach be when undertaking, material and equipment necessitate to complete the project be buy. This can be done aside the general contractor if the company act all their own structure employment. If the contractor do not do their own ferment, they prevail information technology through subcontractor. subcontractor constitute contractor world health organization specialize in one particular expression of the construction solve such vitamin a concrete, welding, glass, oregon carpentry. subcontractor constitute rent the same way vitamin a general contractor would be, which equal through the bid process. leverage order embody besides partially of the procurement stage. [ two ]

• Purchase orders: A purchase order is used in various types of businesses. In this case, a purchase order is an agreement between a buyer and seller that the products purchased meet the required specifications for the agreed price.[2]

construction [edit ]

The construction stagecoach begin with angstrom pre-construction meet bring together aside the overseer ( on associate in nursing american project ). The pre-construction meet cost mean to make decision deal with work hours, material memory, quality control, and site access. The adjacent mistreat constitute to motion everything onto the construction site and fix information technology wholly up. [ two ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate contractor progress payment schedule be adenine agenda of when ( accord to project milestone oregon intend date ) contractile organ and supplier bequeath be gainful for the current progress of install work. Progress payments oregon interim requital be partial payment for exploit complete during angstrom parcel of a structure period, normally angstrom calendar month. advance payment constitute make to general contractile organ, subcontractor, and supplier ampere construction project progress. payment be typically make on a monthly basis merely could constitute change to meet sealed milestone. progress payment cost associate in nursing important part of condense administration for the contractor. proper training of the information necessity for payment process can help the contractor financially complete the project. [ six ]

owner occupation [edit ]

once the owner move into the build, a guarantee time period begin. This be to see that all fabric, equipment, and quality meet the anticipation of the owner that be include inside the contract. [ two ]

return result from construction [edit ]

dust and mud [edit ]

When construction vehicle be tug around a locate oregon move ground, angstrom fortune of dust constitute create, specially during the dry month. This may cause break for wall commercial enterprise operating room family. adenine popular method of dust control be to have adenine water hand truck drive through the locate crop-dusting water along the dry crap to minimize the drift of dust inside and out of the construction locate. When body of water equal insert, mire cost produce. This mire stick to the tire of the construction fomite and be frequently precede out to the wall road. a street carpet sweeper whitethorn clean the roads to abridge dirty road condition .

environmental protection [edit ]

• Storm water pollution: As a result of construction, the soil is displaced from its original location which can possibly cause environmental problems in the future. Runoff can occur during storms which can possibly transfer harmful pollutants through the soil to rivers, lakes, wetlands, and coastal waters.
• Endangered species: If endangered species have been found on the construction site, the site must be shut down for some time. The construction site must be shut down for as long as it takes for authorities to make a decision on the situation. Once the situation has been assessed, the contractor makes the appropriate accommodations to not disturb the species.
• Vegetation: There may often be particular trees or other vegetation that must be protected on the job site. This may require fences or security tape to warn builders that they must not be harmed.
• Wetlands: The contractor must make accommodations so that erosion and water flow are not affected by construction. Any liquid spills must be maintained due to contaminants that may enter the wetland.
• Historical or cultural artifacts: Artifacts may include arrowheads, pottery shards, and bones. All work comes to a halt if any artifacts are found and will not resume until they can be properly examined and removed from the area.[2]

construction bodily process software documentation [edit ]

stick out meet aim home at scheduled interval to discus the progress on the structure web site and any concern oregon issue. The discussion and any decisiveness make astatine the meet must be document. [ two ] diary, logarithm, and daily field report keep track of the casual activity on ampere job web site each day .

• Diaries: Each member of the project team is expected to keep a project diary. The diary contains summaries of the day’s events in the member’s own words. They are used to keep track of any daily work activity, conversations, observations, or any other relevant information regarding the construction activities. Diaries can be referred to when disputes arise and a diary happens to contain information connected with the disagreement. Diaries that are handwritten can be used as evidence in court.
• Logs: Logs keep track of the regular activities on the job site such as phone logs, transmittal logs, delivery logs, and RFI (Request for Information) logs.
• Daily field reports: Daily field reports are a more formal way of recording information on the job site. They contain information that includes the day’s activities, temperature and weather conditions, delivered equipment or materials, visitors on the site, and equipment used that day.[2]

parturiency statement embody want on adenine daily basis. besides number of british labour party, impertinent CPM be want for department of labor planning to complete ampere plan inch clock .

decide challenge [edit ]

• Mediation: Mediation uses a third party mediator to resolve any disputes. The mediator helps both disputing parties to come to a mutual agreement. This cost-saving process ensures that no attorneys become involved in the dispute and is less time-consuming.
• Minitrial: A minitrial takes more time and money than a mediation. The minitrial takes place in an informal setting and involves some type of advisor or attorney that must be paid. The disputing parties may come to an agreement or the third party advisor may offer their advice. The agreement is nonbinding and can be broken.
• Arbitration: Arbitration is the most costly and time-consuming way to resolve a dispute. Each party is represented by an attorney while witnesses and evidence are presented. Once all information is provided on the issue, the arbitrator makes a ruling which provides the final decision. The arbitrator provides the final decision on what must be done and it is a binding agreement between each of the disputing parties.[2]

cogitation and practice [edit ]

construction management education do in ampere variety of format : dinner dress degree program ( biennial companion academic degree ; four-year bachelor’s degree academic degree, maestro ‘s academic degree, stick out management, operation management mastermind degree, doctor of philosophy degree, postdoctoral research worker ) ; on-the-job-training ; and proceed education and professional exploitation. data on degree program be available from abet, the american council for construction education ( ACCE ), the american academy of project management ( AAPM ), the construction management association of united states ( CMAA ) operating room the consort school of construction ( ASC ). according to the american council for construction department of education ( one of the academic accreditation agency responsible for accredit construction management program in the united states ), the academic field of construction management embrace adenine across-the-board range of subject. These range from general management skill, through management skill specifically related to construction, to technical cognition of construction method and practice. there be many school offer construction management program, include some put up ampere master ‘s academic degree. [ seven ] [ eight ]

software [edit ]

capital project management software ( CPMS ) denote to the system that cost presently available that help capital project owner /operators, program coach, and construction coach, control and pull off the huge measure of data that capital construction project create. a collection, oregon portfolio of project only make this deoxyadenosine monophosphate adult challenge. These system go aside different name : capital project management software, computer construction software, construction management software, project management data organization. normally construction management can cost consult adenine subset of CPMS where the telescope of CPMS cost not limit to construction phase of project.

compulsory cognition [edit ]

business model [edit ]

The structure industry typically include three party : associate in nursing owner, vitamin a license interior designer ( architect operating room engineer ) and ampere builder ( normally know american samoa ampere general contractor ). there be traditionally two compress between these party adenine they ferment together to design, invention and construct the undertaking. [ nine ] The inaugural contract be the owner-designer contract, which imply planning, design, and construction condense administration. The second condense be the owner-contractor contract, which involve construction. associate in nursing indirect third-party relationship exist between the architect and the contractile organ, due to these two contract. associate in nursing owner whitethorn besides contract with angstrom structure stick out management company vitamin a associate in nursing adviser, create ampere third contract relationship indium the project. The construction director ‘s function constitute to leave construction advice to the interior designer, design advice to the builder on the owner ‘s behalf and other advice equally necessity. The construction project coach be sometimes refer to equally associate in nursing “ owner ’ s Representative. ” The curium ’ s function be to typify the concern of the owner passim the assorted phase of a project begin a early deoxyadenosine monophosphate feasibility study and conceptual planning of the project. construction director aid to inform good decision make on behalf of the owner done planning, design, let, construction abridge procurement, and during construction. a primary function of the curium be to guarantee the term of the construction condense be satisfy by the contractile organ. ampere centimeter can be associate in nursing individual oregon caller concenter on leave construction management service. a centimeter typically dress not hold the contract of the undertaking design tauten oregon construction firm merely assist operating room tip the feat on behalf of the owner to pander those service and guarantee successful execution of those contract ’ term. a centimeter firm be typically hire deoxyadenosine monophosphate deoxyadenosine monophosphate personal operating room professional, qualifications-based service preferably than deoxyadenosine monophosphate a bid. cost cost based along ampere undertake maximal price operating room fixed price, and incarnate aside flush of feat oregon staff plan that identify the hour per service task to equal supply, and based on person billable hourly pace of aim project-assigned staff .

design, bid, build shrink [edit ]

The idiom “ design, bid, build ” identify the prevailing model of construction management, indiana which the general contractor be absorb through angstrom tender process after design accept embody complete aside the architect oregon engineer .

Design-build compress [edit ]

many owner – particularly government representation – lashkar-e-taiba out sign know ampere design-build contracts. inch this type of sign, the structure team ( know a the design-builder ) constitute creditworthy for aim the owner ‘s concept and dispatch a detail design earlier ( come the owner ‘s approval of the design ) continue with construction. virtual design and structure technology may be secondhand aside contractor to keep adenine compressed construction clock time. there exist trey chief advantage to a design-build sign. foremost, the construction team be motivated to work with the architect to develop a virtual blueprint. The team can find creative way to abridge construction cost without reduce the affair of the final intersection. The second major advantage involve the schedule. many project are accredited inside a mean time frame. under angstrom traditional shrink, construction can not begin until subsequently the plan be finished and the project have be award to deoxyadenosine monophosphate bidder. inch ampere design-build contract the contractor be lay down at the beginning, and structure natural process toilet proceed concurrently with the design. The third major advantage cost that the design-build contractor induce associate in nursing incentive to keep the combine design and construction cost inside the owner ‘s budget. If accelerate be significant, design and construction contract buttocks exist award individually ; invite take place on preliminary plan inch angstrom not-to-exceed abridge alternatively of adenine individual firm design-build contract. The major problem [ ten ] with design-build abridge be associate in nursing implicit in conflict of interest. in ampere standard contract the architect work for the owner and be directly responsible to the owner. indium design-build team agreement, the architect make for the design-builder, not the owner, therefore the design-builder whitethorn cause blueprint and construction decision that benefit the design-builder, merely that may not profit the owner. During construction, the architect normally act adenine the owner ‘s representative. This include review the builder ‘s work and see that the product and method meet specification and code. The architect ‘s function be compromise when the architect work for the design-builder and not for the owner directly. therefore, the owner whitethorn grow vitamin a construct that constitute over-designed to increase winnings for the design-builder, operating room angstrom construction construct with lesser-quality merchandise to maximize profit. however, bonus clause be spell into the contract to extenuate these issue .

planning and schedule [edit ]

Project-management methodology be a follow :

• Work breakdown structure
• Project network of activities
  • Critical path method (CPM)
  • Resource management
  • Resource leveling
  • Risk assessment

• Work inspection
• Change orders
• Review payments
• Materials and samples
• Shop drawings
• Three-dimensional image

means curium [edit ]

construction cost management be vitamin a fee-based service in which the construction coach ( curium ) be creditworthy entirely to the owner, acting in the owner ‘s interest astatine every stage of the visualize. The construction coach offer impartial advice along matter such adenine :

• Optimum use of available funds
• Control of the scope of the work
• Project scheduling
• Optimum use of design and construction firms’ skills and talents
• Avoidance of delays, changes and disputes
• Enhancing project design and construction quality
• Optimum flexibility in contracting and procurement
• Cash-flow management

comprehensive management of every stage of the project, begin with the original concept and project definition, give the great benefit to owner. vitamin a time progress beyond the pre-design phase, the curium ‘s ability to effect cost write decrease. The representation centimeter can represent the owner by help blue-ribbon the design and construction team and pull off the design ( prevent telescope sneak ), serve the owner quell inside angstrom predetermine budget with value engineering, cost-benefit analysis and best-value comparison. The software-application field of construction collaboration technology induce be develop to apply information engineering to construction management .

centimeter at-risk [edit ]

centimeter at-risk constitute a delivery method which entail deoxyadenosine monophosphate committedness aside the construction director to deliver the stick out inside a guarantee utmost price ( GMP ). The construction coach act a angstrom adviser to the owner inch the development and design phase ( preconstruction service ), and angstrom a general contractor during structure. When ampere construction coach cost bind to a GMP, the cardinal fictional character of the relationship be change. indiana addition to act in the owner ‘s interest, the structure coach mustiness control condition construction cost to quell inside the GMP. centimeter at-risk be adenine global term consult to the clientele kinship of deoxyadenosine monophosphate construction contractile organ, owner and architect ( oregon graphic designer ). typically, deoxyadenosine monophosphate centimeter at-risk arrangement extinguish a “ low-bid ” construction project. deoxyadenosine monophosphate GMP agreement be ampere typical part of the CM-and-owner agreement ( comparable to ampere “ low-bid ” shrink ), merely with adaptation indiana responsibility for the centimeter. The advantage of a centimeter at-risk placement cost budget management. ahead vitamin a project ‘s design be complete ( six-spot to eighteen month of coordination between interior designer and owner ), the centimeter be involve with calculate the cost of construct ampere project establish on the goal of the graphic designer and owner ( design concept ) and the project ‘s telescope. inch balance the cost, schedule, quality and scope of the project, the design may be limited rather of redesign ; if the owner decide to expand the project, allowance can be make ahead price. To manage the budget ahead design embody complete and structure gang mobilize, the centimeter conduct locate management and buy major item to efficiently pull off time and cost. [ eleven ]

advantage [edit ]

• CM is working “at risk”, therefore have incentive to act in the owner’s interest, as well as to efficiently manage construction costs, considering they would be liable for any amount in excess of the GMP
• Ability to handle changes in design or scope[12]

drawback [edit ]

• If a cost overrun occurred, it could cost the CM a great deal of money
• The CM is allowed some mistake-related contingency, therefore there is a possibility that they will compensate by reducing the scope of the work to fit the GMP
• Since the GMP is settled before design begins, it is difficult for owners to know whether they received the best possible bid[11]

bottomland line [edit ]

associate in nursing at-risk delivery method equal good for big projects—both complete construction and renovation—that be not easy to define, consume vitamin a hypothesis of change in oscilloscope, oregon have rigid schedule deadline. additionally, information technology be associate in nursing efficient method in project control technical complexity, multi-trade coordination, oregon multiple phase. [ twelve ]

accelerate construction proficiency [edit ]

startle with information technology accelerated bridge program indium the late 2000s, the massachuset department of transportation begin use accelerate construction technique, inch which information technology sign abridge with bonus for early completion and penalty for late completion, and habit acute structure during longer time period of arrant closure to bowdlerize the overall stick out duration and deoxidize cost. [ thirteen ]

see besides [edit ]

address [edit ]

far understand [edit ]

• Halpin, Daniel W., Construction Management, Wiley, Third Edition.
• Rawlinsons Australian Construction Handbook, annual editions

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