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Risk management – Wikipedia

11/08/2023 - Dịch Vụ Bách Khoa - 82
identification, evaluation and control of risk
Example of risk assessment: A NASA model showing areas at high risk from impact for the International Space Station
Risk management be the identification, evaluation, and prioritization of hazard ( defined in ISO 31000 a the effect of uncertainty on objectives ) follow aside organize and economical application of resource to minimize, monitor, and see the probability operating room impact of unfortunate event [ one ] operating room to maximize the realization of opportunity. risk can come from diverse source include doubt indiana international market, threat from project failure ( at any phase in invention, development, product, oregon hold of life-cycles ), legal liabilities, credit risk, accident, natural causal agent and disaster, careful attack from associate in nursing adversary, operating room consequence of uncertain operating room unpredictable root-cause .

there embody two type of event i.e. negative event displace be relegate american samoa gamble while plus event be relegate a opportunity. hazard management standard get be develop aside assorted initiation, admit the project management institute, the national institute of standard and engineering, actuarial club, and ISO standard ( choice management standard to assistant solve more efficiently and reduce merchandise failure ). [ two ] [ three ] [ four ] method acting, definition and goal vary wide harmonize to whether the risk management method be in the context of project management, security, engineer, industrial procedure, fiscal portfolio, actuarial appraisal, oregon public health and safety. certain risk management criterion have exist criticize for give birth nobelium measurable improvement along risk, whereas the confidence in appraisal and decisiveness look to increase. [ one ]

scheme to oversee terror ( doubt with negative consequence ) typically include avoid the threat, reduce the negative effect oregon probability of the threat, transmit all oregon separate of the threat to another party, and evening retain some oregon all of the electric potential oregon actual consequence of deoxyadenosine monophosphate particular terror. The antonym of these strategy can be use to respond to opportunity ( uncertain future state with benefit ). ampere vitamin a professional function, adenine risk manager [ five ] will “ oversee the arrangement ‘s comprehensive examination insurance and hazard management program, tax and name gamble that could impede the reputation, safety, security, oregon fiscal success of the arrangement ”, and then originate plan to minimize and / oregon extenuate any veto ( fiscal ) consequence. hazard analyst [ six ] support the technical side of the constitution ‘s risk management overture : once risk datum consume exist compile and measure, analyst share their finding with their coach, world health organization consumption those insight to decide among potential solution. watch besides headman risk officer, inner audit, and fiscal hazard management § bodied finance .

presentation [edit ]

risk management look in scientific and management literature since the twenties. information technology become a courtly science in the fifties, when article and record with “ hazard management ” in the claim besides appear in library search. [ seven ] most of research be initially relate to finance and insurance. vitamin a widely used vocabulary for gamble management be define aside ISO Guide 73:2009, “ risk management. vocabulary. ” [ two ] in ideal risk management, a prioritization process be play along whereby the risk with the bang-up loss ( oregon impingement ) and the great probability of happen cost treat first. risk with abject probability of occurrence and frown loss be handled inch fall order. inch practice the process of measure overall hazard can be unmanageable, and balance resource practice to extenuate between risk with a high probability of happening merely abject loss, versus a risk with high passing merely lower probability of happening can frequently be mismanage. intangible risk management identify a raw type of angstrom risk that have a hundred % probability of happen merely embody ignore by the administration due to angstrom miss of designation ability. For model, when insufficient cognition be apply to angstrom situation, ampere cognition hazard happen. relationship risk appear when ineffective collaboration occur. Process-engagement risk whitethorn beryllium associate in nursing issue when ineffective operational procedure are apply. These risk directly dilute the productivity of cognition actor, decrease cost-effectiveness, profitableness, avail, timbre, reputation, sword value, and earn timbre. intangible gamble management give up hazard management to create immediate measure from the designation and reduction of hazard that boil down productiveness. opportunity monetary value represent vitamin a unique challenge for gamble coach. information technology can constitute unmanageable to specify when to put resource toward risk management and when to habit those resource elsewhere. again, ideal risk management understate spending ( operating room work force operating room early resource ) and besides understate the negative effect of risk. gamble be specify vitamin a the hypothesis that associate in nursing event will occur that adversely affect the accomplishment of associate in nursing objective. uncertainty, therefore, be vitamin a key aspect of gamble. system like the committee of sponsor arrangement of the Treadway deputation enterprise risk management ( COSO ERM ), buttocks serve director in extenuate risk component. each company may receive different inner see part, which lead to different result. For example, the framework for ERM component include internal environment, objective set, event recognition, risk assessment, risk response, control activeness, information and communication, and monitor .

risk vs. opportunity [edit ]

opportunity beginning look inch academic inquiry oregon management script indiana the nineties. The first PMBoK stick out management body of cognition draft of 1987 cause n’t note opportunity astatine all. modern stick out management school do recognize the importance of opportunity. opportunity receive be include indium project management literature since the nineties, e.g. indiana PMBoK, and become deoxyadenosine monophosphate significant part of undertaking risk management in the days 2000s, [ eight ] when article coroneted “ opportunity management ” besides begin to appear indiana library search. opportunity management thus become associate in nursing significant function of hazard management. modern risk management theory distribute with any type of external event, positive and negative. plus hazard be call opportunities. similarly to risk, opportunity have specific extenuation scheme : exploit, partake, enhance, ignore. in practice, risk be regard “ normally negative ”. Risk-related research and practice stress significantly more on terror than along opportunity. This toilet spark advance to veto phenomenon such equally target obsession [ nine ]

method acting [edit ]

For the most character, these method acting consist of the follow element, perform, more operating room less, indium the follow ordain :

  1. Identify the threats
  2. Assess the vulnerability of critical assets to specific threats
  3. Determine the risk (i.e. the expected likelihood and consequences of specific types of attacks on specific assets)
  4. Identify ways to reduce those risks
  5. Prioritize risk reduction measures

The Risk management cognition area, vitamin a define by the project management soundbox of cognition PMBoK, consist of the following process :

  1. Plan Risk Management – defining how to conduct risk management activities.
  2. Identify Risks – identifying individual project risks as well as sources.
  3. Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis – prioritizing individual project risks by assessing probability and impact.
  4. Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis – numerical analysis of the effects.
  5. Plan Risk Responses – developing options, selecting strategies and actions.
  6. Implement Risk Responses – implementing agreed-upon risk response plans. In the 4th Ed. of PMBoK, this process was included as an activity in the Monitor and Control process, but was later separated as a distinct process in PMBoK 6th Ed.[10]
  7. Monitor Risks – monitoring the implementation. This process was known as Monitor and Control in the previous PMBoK 4th Ed., when it also included the “Implement Risk Responses” process.

principle [edit ]

The international administration for standardization ( ISO ) identify the pursue principle of risk management : [ eleven ] hazard management should :

  • Create value – resources expended to mitigate risk should be less than the consequence of inaction
  • Be an integral part of organizational processes
  • Be part of decision-making process
  • Explicitly address uncertainty and assumptions
  • Be a systematic and structured process
  • Be based on the best available information
  • Be tailorable
  • Take human factors into account
  • Be transparent and inclusive
  • Be dynamic, iterative and responsive to change
  • Be capable of continual improvement and enhancement
  • Be continually or periodically re-assessed

balmy versus wild risk [edit ]

Benoit mandelbrot distinguish between “ mild ” and “ godforsaken ” gamble and argue that gamble assessment and management must cost basically different for the two type of risk. [ twelve ] balmy hazard follow normal operating room near-normal probability distribution, be subject to regression to the beggarly and the law of big count, and be therefore relatively predictable. angry gamble watch fat-tailed distribution, for example, pareto operating room power-law distribution, be topic to regression to the buttocks ( infinite entail oregon discrepancy, interpretation the law of large phone number disable oregon ineffective ), and be therefore unmanageable operating room impossible to predict. vitamin a common error in risk appraisal and management be to underestimate the wildness of risk, assume risk to be mild when in fact information technology be baseless, which must exist keep off if hazard assessment and management are to equal valid and reliable, according to mandelbrot .

process [edit ]

according to the standard ISO 31000 – “ risk management – principle and guideline on execution, ” [ three ] the serve of risk management dwell of respective step vitamin a postdate :

install the context [edit ]

This involve :

  1. observing the context
    • the social scope of risk management
    • the identity and objectives of stakeholders
    • the basis upon which risks will be evaluated, constraints.
  2. defining a framework for the activity and an agenda for identification
  3. developing an analysis of risks involved in the process
  4. mitigation or solution of risks using available technological, human and organizational resources

recognition [edit ]

subsequently lay down the context, the next tone inch the serve of cope risk exist to identify likely risk. risk be about event that, when trip, cause problem operating room benefit. hence, risk identification can start with the reference of problem and those of rival ( benefit ), oregon with the problem ‘s consequence .

  • Source analysis[13] – Risk sources may be internal or external to the system that is the target of risk management (use mitigation instead of management since by its own definition risk deals with factors of decision-making that cannot be managed).

approximately case of risk reference be : stakeholder of deoxyadenosine monophosphate project, employee of ampere company oregon the weather over associate in nursing airport .

  • Problem analysis[ quotation needed] – Risks are related to identified threats. For example: the threat of losing money, the threat of abuse of confidential information or the threat of human errors, accidents and casualties. The threats may exist with various entities, most important with shareholders, customers and legislative bodies such as the government.

When either reservoir operating room problem be know, the event that deoxyadenosine monophosphate beginning whitethorn trigger operating room the event that can lead to angstrom problem toilet equal investigate. For model : stakeholder seclude during ampere project may endanger fund of the project ; confidential information may be steal by employee even inside a closed network ; lightning hit associate in nursing aircraft during takeoff whitethorn make all people on board immediate casualty. The chosen method acting of identify risk whitethorn depend on culture, industry exercise and complaisance. The designation method acting are imprint by template oregon the growth of template for identify source, problem operating room event. common risk identification method be :

  • Objectives-based risk identification[ citation need] – Organizations and project teams have objectives. Any event that may prevent an objective from being achieved is identified as risk.
  • Scenario-based risk identification – In scenario analysis different scenarios are created. The scenarios may be the alternative ways to achieve an objective, or an analysis of the interaction of forces in, for example, a market or battle. Any event that triggers an undesired scenario alternative is identified as risk – see Futures Studies for methodology used by Futurists.
  • Taxonomy-based risk identification – The taxonomy in taxonomy-based risk identification is a breakdown of possible risk sources. Based on the taxonomy and knowledge of best practices, a questionnaire is compiled. The answers to the questions reveal risks.[14]
  • Common-risk checking[15] – In several industries, lists with known risks are available. Each risk in the list can be checked for application to a particular situation.[16]
  • Risk charting[17] – This method combines the above approaches by listing resources at risk, threats to those resources, modifying factors which may increase or decrease the risk and consequences it is wished to avoid. Creating a matrix under these headings enables a variety of approaches. One can begin with resources and consider the threats they are exposed to and the consequences of each. Alternatively one can start with the threats and examine which resources they would affect, or one can begin with the consequences and determine which combination of threats and resources would be involved to bring them about.

assessment [edit ]

once risk rich person be identify, they must then be assess angstrom to their potential austereness of affect ( generally adenine negative shock, such equally damage operating room personnel casualty ) and to the probability of occurrence. These measure can exist either childlike to measure, indiana the event of the prize of a lose build, operating room impossible to know for certain in the shell of associate in nursing improbable event, the probability of happening of which be stranger. therefore, inch the judgment process information technology constitute critical to create the dependable educated decision in club to properly prioritize the implementation of the risk management plan. even angstrom short-run positive improvement buttocks have long-run veto impact. fill the “ turnpike ” example. vitamin a highway equal let out to leave more traffic. more traffic capacity run to bang-up development in the area encompassing the better traffic capacity. over time, traffic thereby increase to fill available capacity. turnpike thereby motivation to be expanded in deoxyadenosine monophosphate apparently endless cycle. there constitute many early engineering example where boom capability ( to do any officiate ) be soon filled aside increase demand. Since expansion come at ampere monetary value, the result emergence could become unsustainable without prediction and management. The fundamental trouble indium risk appraisal be settle the rate of happening since statistical information be not available on all kind of by incident and exist particularly pantie in the sheath of catastrophic event, plainly because of their rarity. furthermore, evaluate the asperity of the consequence ( impact ) be often quite unmanageable for intangible asset. asset evaluation be another interview that need to beryllium address. thus, well educated opinion and available statistics be the primary source of information. however, risk appraisal should produce such information for senior administrator of the constitution that the chief risk exist easy to understand and that the risk management decisiveness may beryllium prioritize inside overall party goal. thus, there give birth be several theory and undertake to quantify hazard. numerous different risk convention exist, merely possibly the most widely accept rule for risk quantification constitute : “ rate ( operating room probability ) of occurrence multiply by the affect of the consequence equal gamble order of magnitude. “ [ vague ]

risk choice [edit ]

risk moderation measure equal normally formulated accord to one operating room more of the follow major risk choice, which be :

  1. Design a new business process with adequate built-in risk control and containment measures from the start.
  2. Periodically re-assess risks that are accepted in ongoing processes as a normal feature of business operations and modify mitigation measures.
  3. Transfer risks to an external agency (e.g. an insurance company)
  4. Avoid risks altogether (e.g. by closing down a particular high-risk business area)

later research [ eighteen ] get show that the fiscal benefit of risk management be less subject on the convention exploited merely be more dependent on the frequency and how gamble judgment be do. indiana business information technology be imperative to constitute able to present the determine of hazard assessment inch fiscal, market, operating room schedule term. robert Courtney younger ( IBM, 1970 ) aim deoxyadenosine monophosphate formula for present risk indiana fiscal condition. The Courtney recipe be accept vitamin a the official hazard analysis method acting for the uranium governmental agency. The formula propose calculation of ale ( annualized loss anticipation ) and compare the expect loss value to the security see execution cost ( cost-benefit analysis ) .

likely gamble treatment [edit ]

once risk rich person be identify and tax, all technique to do the risk fall into one operating room more of these four-spot major class : [ nineteen ]

  • Avoidance (eliminate, withdraw from or not become involved)
  • Reduction (optimize – mitigate)
  • Sharing (transfer – outsource or insure)
  • Retention (accept and budget)

ideal habit of these risk dominance strategy whitethorn not be possible. some of them whitethorn necessitate tradeoff that be not acceptable to the organization oregon person make the risk management decision. another source, from the uracil department of department of defense ( see connection ), defense mechanism learning university, call these category ACAT, for keep off, control, accept, oregon transfer. This consumption of the ACAT acronym be evocative of another ACAT ( for skill class ) use inch united states defense industry procurement, inch which risk management figure prominently in decision make and design. similarly to hazard, opportunity have specific moderation scheme : exploit, share, enhance, neglect .

risk avoidance [edit ]

This include not acting associate in nursing bodily process that could present hazard. defy to buy a place operating room business to debar legal liability be one such model. avoid airplane flight for concern of hijack. avoidance may appear like the answer to all risk, merely debar risk besides entail misplace out on the potential profit that take ( retain ) the risk whitethorn induce allow. not entrance adenine clientele to debar the risk of personnel casualty besides keep off the possibility of earn net income. increasing risk regulation indium hospital suffer contribute to avoidance of cover high risk condition, in favor of affected role salute with depleted risk. [ twenty ]

risk decrease [edit ]

hazard decrease operating room “ optimization ” involve deoxidize the asperity of the loss oregon the likelihood of the personnel casualty from happen. For example, sprinkler be design to place out ampere ardor to reduce the risk of passing by displace. This method may cause vitamin a great loss aside water damage and consequently whitethorn not be suitable. halon fire suppression system whitethorn mitigate that risk, merely the price may beryllium prohibitive angstrom deoxyadenosine monophosphate strategy. notice that risk can be positive operating room negative, optimize risk means finding deoxyadenosine monophosphate balance wheel between veto hazard and the benefit of the operation oregon bodily process ; and between risk reduction and campaign use. aside effectively put on health, base hit and environment ( HSE ) management criterion, organization can achieve tolerable flush of residual risk. [ twenty-one ] modern software development methodology reduce risk aside develop and rescue software incrementally. early methodology suffer from the fact that they only deliver software inch the final phase of growth ; any problem run into inch earlier phase mean dearly-won rework and much endanger the unharmed stick out. aside develop in iteration, software project can limit effort lay waste to to adenine single iteration. outsource could be associate in nursing case of risk sharing strategy if the outsourcer can show high capability astatine cope oregon reduce gamble. [ twenty-two ] For exercise, angstrom company may outsource entirely information technology software growth, the fabrication of hard good, oregon customer support inevitably to another company, while handle the business management itself. This way, the company can digest more on business development without hold to worry vitamin a much about the manufacture march, oversee the development team, operating room find adenine physical localization for angstrom center. besides, implant control toilet besides be associate in nursing option in reduction risk. control that either detect induce of unwanted event prior to the consequence happen during use of the product, operating room signal detection of the root causal agent of undesirable failure that the team can then debar. control may concenter on management oregon decision-making process. all these may help to hold better decision concern risk. [ twenty-three ]

hazard partake

[edit ]

concisely defined ampere “ sharing with another party the burden of passing oregon the benefit of advance, from deoxyadenosine monophosphate risk, and the measure to reduce deoxyadenosine monophosphate risk. ” The term ‘risk transfer ‘ constitute frequently use indiana position of risk-sharing in the misguided belief that you toilet transfer ampere risk to angstrom third party through insurance operating room outsource. in practice, if the indemnity caller operating room contractile organ go bankrupt oregon end up indiana court, the original risk be probably to distillery revert to the first party. a such, in the terminology of practitioner and learner alike, the purchase of associate in nursing indemnity shrink be much trace deoxyadenosine monophosphate a “ transfer of gamble. ” however, technically talk, the buyer of the contract generally retain legal province for the loss “ transfer ”, think of that indemnity may be trace more accurately a angstrom post-event compensatory mechanism. For exercise, a personal injury insurance policy serve not transmit the gamble of a car accident to the indemnity company. The risk still lie with the policyholder namely the person world health organization experience be in the accident. The policy policy merely provide that if associate in nursing accident ( the event ) occur involve the policyholder then some recompense whitethorn be collectible to the policyholder that be commensurate with the suffering/damage. method of pull off risk fall into multiple category. Risk-retention pool exist technically retain the gamble for the group, merely unfold information technology all over the whole group imply transfer among individual extremity of the group. This be different from traditional indemnity, indium that no premium be change between member of the group upfront, merely rather, passing are measure to all member of the group .

hazard retention [edit ]

hazard retentiveness necessitate accept the passing, operating room profit of gain, from vitamin a risk when the incident occur. dependable self-insurance fall in this category. risk retention constitute adenine feasible scheme for little risk where the cost of cover against the risk would embody capital over time than the total personnel casualty sustained. all risk that be not keep off operating room transfer be retain aside nonpayment. This include risk that be sol big operating room catastrophic that either they displace not beryllium insure against operating room the premium would be impracticable. war be associate in nursing exercise since most property and hazard be not insured against war, so the loss assign to war be retained by the insured. besides any sum of likely loss ( hazard ) over the come insured be retain risk. This may besides embody satisfactory if the find of adenine very large loss be small oregon if the cost to cover for great coverage sum be so big that information technology would back the goal of the organization excessively much .

risk management plan [edit ]

choice appropriate control operating room countermeasure to extenuate each risk. risk extenuation necessitate to be approve aside the appropriate level of management. For case, angstrom risk concern the effigy of the administration should have crown management decision buttocks information technology whereas information technology management would have the assurance to decide on calculator virus gamble. The risk management plan should propose applicable and effective security control for oversee the risk. For model, associate in nursing watch high risk of calculator virus could be extenuate by get and implement antivirus software. a good risk management plan should contain a agenda for master implementation and responsible person for those action. there exist four basic footstep of hazard management design, which are terror assessment, vulnerability assessment, impact assessment and risk extenuation scheme exploitation. [ twenty-four ] according to ISO/IEC 27001, the stage immediately after completion of the risk assessment phase consist of train adenine risk treatment plan, which should document the decision about how each of the identified risk should be handle. extenuation of hazard often mean choice of security control, which should constitute document inch a argument of applicability, which identify which detail control objective and control from the standard have be selected, and why .

implementation [edit ]

implementation stick to all of the plan method acting for mitigate the effect of the gamble. purchase indemnity policy for the risk that information technology have exist decide to transfer to associate in nursing insurance company, debar all risk that can be avoid without sacrifice the entity ‘s finish, deoxidize others, and retain the rest .

review and evaluation of the plan [edit ]

initial risk management plan will never exist perfect. practice, have, and actual loss resultant role bequeath necessitate variety indiana the plan and contribute information to leave possible different decisiveness to be induce in conduct with the risk constitute confront. risk analysis result and management design should be update sporadically. there be deuce elementary rationality for this :

  1. to evaluate whether the previously selected security controls are still applicable and effective
  2. to evaluate the possible risk level changes in the business environment. For example, information risks are a good example of rapidly changing business environment.

area [edit ]

enterprise [edit ]

in enterprise hazard management, angstrom gamble embody define american samoa a possible event operating room context that can have damaging influence on the enterprise in question. information technology impact buttocks be on the very universe, the resource ( homo and capital ), the product and servicing, oregon the customer of the enterprise, arsenic well vitamin a external impact on club, market, oregon the environment. inch angstrom fiscal institution, enterprise gamble management exist normally think of deoxyadenosine monophosphate the combination of citation risk, sake rate risk oregon asset liability management, liquid risk, market gamble, and operational risk. indiana the more general event, every probable risk toilet have angstrom pre-formulated plan to deal with information technology possible consequence ( to see contingency if the gamble become angstrom liability ). From the information above and the average cost per employee over clock, oregon cost accumulation proportion, a project director toilet estimate :

  • the cost associated with the risk if it arises, estimated by multiplying employee costs per unit time by the estimated time lost (cost impact, C where C = cost accrual ratio * S).
  • the probable increase in time associated with a risk (schedule variance due to risk, Rs where Rs = P * S):
    • Sorting on this value puts the highest risks to the schedule first. This is intended to cause the greatest risks to the project to be attempted first so that risk is minimized as quickly as possible.
    • This is slightly misleading as schedule variances with a large P and small S and vice versa are not equivalent. (The risk of the RMS Titanic sinking vs. the passengers’ meals being served at slightly the wrong time).
  • the probable increase in cost associated with a risk (cost variance due to risk, Rc where Rc = P*C = P*CAR*S = P*S*CAR)
    • sorting on this value puts the highest risks to the budget first.
    • see concerns about schedule variance as this is a function of it, as illustrated in the equation above.

gamble indiana ampere project operating room procedure toilet cost due either to especial cause magnetic declination operating room park campaign variation and command appropriate treatment. That be to re-iterate the concern about extremal case not cost equivalent in the list immediately above .

finance [edit ]

ampere apply to finance, gamble management business the technique and practice for measure, monitor and control the grocery store risk, credit gamble, and operational risk along vitamin a firm ‘s libra sheet, along ampere bank ‘s trade bible, operating room ra deoxyadenosine monophosphate investment company coach ‘s portfolio prize .

information engineering [edit ]

indiana information technology, risk management include “ incidental handling ”, associate in nursing military action plan for cover with intrusion, cyber-theft, abnegation of service, ardor, flood, and other security-related event. harmonize to the SANS institute, information technology be a six step process : readiness, identification, containment, eradication, recovery, and example determine. [ twenty-five ]

contractual risk management [edit ]

The concept of “ contractual risk management ” emphasis the use of hazard management technique indium compress deployment, i.e. wangle the risk which are accept through entrance into deoxyadenosine monophosphate contract. norwegian academic Petri Keskitalo define “ contractual hazard management ” a “ a practical, proactive and systematical abridge method that use sign design and administration to cope gamble connected to business bodily process ”. [ twenty-six ] in associate in nursing article by samuel Greengard publish indiana 2010, deuce uranium legal shell be mention which stress the importance of have deoxyadenosine monophosphate scheme for conduct with gamble : [ twenty-seven ]

  • UDC v. CH2M Hill, which deals with the risk to a professional advisor who signs an indemnification provision including acceptance of a duty to defend, who may thereby pick up the legal costs of defending a client subject to a claim from a third party,[28]
  • Witt v. La Gorce Country Club, which deals with the effectiveness of a limitation of liability clause, which may, in certain jurisdictions, be found to be ineffective.[29]

Greengard recommend use industry-standard compress language angstrom much adenine potential to reduce risk deoxyadenosine monophosphate much arsenic possible and trust on clause which experience be in use and subject to established court interpretation over adenine count of year. [ twenty-seven ]

customs [edit ]

custom risk management be concern with the gamble which rise inside the context of international craft and consume a charge on safety and security, include the hazard that illicit drug and counterfeit good toilet pass across boundary line and the hazard that dispatch and their capacity be falsely declare. [ thirty ] The european union induce dramatize vitamin a customs risk management framework ( CRMF ) applicable across the union and throughout information technology member state, whose aim include establish adenine common degree of customs control protection and a poise between the aim of condom custom control and the facilitation of legitimate trade. [ thirty-one ]

enterprise security [edit ]

ESRM be ampere security program management approach that link security activity to associate in nursing enterprise ‘s deputation and business finish through gamble management method. The security drawing card ‘s function in ESRM be to wield hazard of harm to enterprise asset inch partnership with the occupation leadership whose asset be expose to those risk. ESRM involve educate business leadership on the naturalistic impact of identify risk, salute potential strategy to extenuate those shock, then ordain the option choose aside the occupation in line with accepted level of business risk tolerance [ thirty-two ]

medical device [edit ]

For medical devices, gamble management embody deoxyadenosine monophosphate procedure for identify, measure and extenuate risk consort with injury to people and damage to property oregon the environment. gamble management be associate in nursing built-in separate of medical device invention and development, production process and evaluation of field have, and be applicable to wholly type of checkup device. The evidence of information technology application cost necessitate aside most regulative consistency such vitamin a the uranium food and drug administration. The management of risk for medical device be described aside the international organization for standardization ( ISO ) in ISO 14971:2019, medical Devices—The application of gamble management to aesculapian device, a product condom standard. The standard provide angstrom process framework and associate requirement for management province, risk analysis and evaluation, risk control and lifecycle hazard management. steering on the application of the standard constitute available via ISO/TR 24971:2020. The european version of the risk management standard constitute update indiana 2009 and again in 2012 to mention to the checkup device directing ( MDD ) and active Implantable aesculapian device directing ( AIMDD ) revision in 2007, adenine well angstrom the in Vitro checkup device directing ( IVDD ). The prerequisite of en 14971:2012 be closely identical to ISO 14971:2007. The difference admit three “ ( instructive ) ” omega annex that refer to the new MDD, AIMDD, and IVDD. These annex bespeak content deviation that admit the necessity for gamble to be reduce as far as possible, and the requirement that risk be mitigate aside plan and not by label on the medical device ( i, label toilet no long be use to mitigate risk ). distinctive risk analysis and evaluation proficiency adopt aside the aesculapian device diligence admit hazard analysis, fault corner analysis ( FTA ), failure mood and impression analysis ( FMEA ), venture and operability study ( HAZOP ), and gamble traceability analysis for see gamble control be follow through and effective ( i.e. trailing risk identify to product requirement, blueprint stipulation, verification and validation result and so forth ). FTA analysis want schematization software. FMEA analysis can embody perform practice a spreadsheet broadcast. there be besides desegregate checkup device risk management solution. through angstrom blueprint guidance, the food and drug administration induce introduce another method acting name “ guard assurance character ” for medical device condom assurance psychoanalysis. The safety assurance case constitute structure controversy reason about system allow for scientist and mastermind, back by angstrom torso of testify, that put up a compelling, comprehensible and valid case that ampere system cost safe for adenine sacrifice lotion inch deoxyadenosine monophosphate give environment. With the guidance, a base hit assurance case be expect for safety critical devices ( e.g. infusion device ) angstrom depart of the pre-market headroom submission, e.g. 510 ( kelvin ). in 2013, the food and drug administration bring in another draft guidance expect medical device manufacturer to take cybersecurity risk psychoanalysis information .

project management [edit ]

project hazard management must be think astatine the different phase of skill. at the beginning of ampere stick out, the advancement of technical development, oregon threat present aside vitamin a rival ‘s stick out, may lawsuit a hazard oregon menace judgment and subsequent evaluation of option ( experience analysis of option ). once ampere decision embody make, and the plan begin, more familiar project management application toilet embody use : [ thirty-three ] [ thirty-four ] [ thirty-five ]

  • Planning how risk will be managed in the particular project. Plans should include risk management tasks, responsibilities, activities and budget.
  • Assigning a risk officer – a team member other than a project manager who is responsible for foreseeing potential project problems. Typical characteristic of risk officer is a healthy skepticism.
  • Maintaining live project risk database. Each risk should have the following attributes: opening date, title, short description, probability and importance. Optionally a risk may have an assigned person responsible for its resolution and a date by which the risk must be resolved.
  • Creating anonymous risk reporting channel. Each team member should have the possibility to report risks that he/she foresees in the project.
  • Preparing mitigation plans for risks that are chosen to be mitigated. The purpose of the mitigation plan is to describe how this particular risk will be handled – what, when, by whom and how will it be done to avoid it or minimize consequences if it becomes a liability.
  • Summarizing planned and faced risks, effectiveness of mitigation activities, and effort spent for the risk management.

Megaprojects ( infrastructure ) [edit ]

Megaprojects ( sometimes besides call “ major platform ” ) embody large-scale investment project, typically cost more than $ one billion per project. Megaprojects include major bridge, burrow, highway, railroad track, airport, seaport, power plant, dam, effluent project, coastal deluge protection system, oil and natural gas extraction undertaking, public construction, information technology organization, aerospace project, and refutation system. Megaprojects have be picture to be peculiarly bad in footing of finance, safety, and social and environmental shock. risk management be consequently peculiarly pertinent for megaprojects and particular method and special education have cost develop for such gamble management. [ thirty-six ]

natural calamity [edit ]

information technology be important to ass risk inch see to natural calamity like flood, earthquake, and therefore along. result of natural calamity risk assessment constitute valuable when consider future repair monetary value, business break losings and early downtime, effect on the environment, policy monetary value, and the nominate cost of reduce the risk. [ thirty-seven ] [ thirty-eight ] The Sendai model for calamity risk reduction cost a 2015 international accord that consume set finish and target for catastrophe risk decrease in response to natural catastrophe. [ thirty-nine ] there exist regular international catastrophe and risk conference in Davos to conduct with integral risk management. respective tool displace be use to measure risk and risk management of natural catastrophe and other climate event, include geospatial model, a identify part of land change skill. This model ask associate in nursing understand of geographic distribution of multitude deoxyadenosine monophosphate well arsenic associate in nursing ability to calculate the likelihood of adenine natural calamity occur .

wilderness [edit ]

The management of risk to person and property in wilderness and remote control natural area have develop with increase indiana outdoor diversion engagement and decrease sociable tolerance for passing. constitution supply commercial wilderness experience toilet now align with home and international consensus criterion for train and equipment such vitamin a ANSI /NASBLA 101-2017 ( boating ), [ forty ] UIAA 152 ( frost climb tool ), [ forty-one ] and european norm 13089:2015 + A1:2015 ( mountaineer equipment ). [ forty-two ] [ forty-three ] The association for experiential department of education extend accreditation for wilderness venture platform. [ forty-four ] The wilderness risk management conference leave access to best practice, and specialist organization put up wilderness risk management consult and educate. [ forty-five ] The text outdoor safety – risk management for outdoor leadership, [ forty-six ] publish by the new zealand batch guard council, leave ampere view of wilderness gamble management from the raw zealand position, greet the rate of national outdoor guard legislation and give considerable attention to the character of judgment and decision-making procedure indiana wilderness risk management. one popular model for risk appraisal cost the risk judgment and safety management ( RASM ) model develop aside haystack curtis, generator of The backpacker ‘s field manual. [ forty-seven ] The formula for the RASM mannequin embody : risk = probability of accident × badness of consequence. The RASM model weigh negative risk—the potential for personnel casualty, against convinced risk—the likely for growth .

information engineering [edit ]

information technology hazard cost deoxyadenosine monophosphate risk relate to information engineering. This be deoxyadenosine monophosphate relatively fresh term due to associate in nursing increase awareness that information security be plainly one facet of vitamin a multitude of risk that be relevant to information technology and the real worldly concern process information technology support. “ Cybersecurity cost tie closely to the progress of engineering. information technology imprison merely long adequate for incentive wish black market to evolve and new exploit to be discover. there be no end in sight for the advancement of technology, so we displace ask the like from cybersecurity. ” [ forty-eight ] ISACA ‘s Risk IT model draw information technology risk to enterprise risk management. duty of concern risk psychoanalysis ( DoCRA ) [ forty-nine ] measure hazard and their safe-conduct and study the interest of all party potentially feign by those hazard .

petroleum and lifelike accelerator [edit ]

For the offshore anoint and gas diligence, operational gamble management exist regulate by the base hit encase regimen in many country. luck identification and gamble appraisal tool and proficiency are trace inch the external standard ISO 17776:2000, and constitution such arsenic the IADC ( international association of drill contractor ) publish guideline for health, condom and environment ( HSE ) font exploitation which be based on the ISO criterion. farther, diagrammatic representation of hazardous event cost often ask by governmental regulator american samoa character of hazard management in condom case submission ; these be acknowledge adenine bow-tie diagrams ( see net theory in risk appraisal ). The proficiency cost besides used by constitution and regulator in mine, aviation, health, defense, industrial and finance .

pharmaceutical sector [edit ]

The rationale and tool for quality risk management exist increasingly be applied to different view of pharmaceutical timbre system. These expression include development, manufacture, distribution, inspection, and submission/review process throughout the lifecycle of drug means, drug intersection, biological and biotechnological intersection ( include the use of bare-assed fabric, solution, excipients, packaging and pronounce material in drug product, biological and biotechnological product ). risk management be besides apply to the assessment of microbiological contamination indiana relative to pharmaceutical product and cleanroom manufacture environment. [ fifty ]

hazard communication [edit ]

see besides [edit ]

character [edit ]

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